153 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
153 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Pinniped v0.9.0: Bring Your LDAP Identities to Your Kubernetes Clusters"
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slug: bringing-ldap-identities-to-clusters
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date: 2021-06-02
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author: Ryan Richard
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image: https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2018/08/05/15/06/seal-3585727_1280.jpg
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excerpt: "With the release of v0.9.0, Pinniped now supports using LDAP identities to log in to Kubernetes clusters."
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tags: ['Ryan Richard', 'release']
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---
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*Photo from [matos11 on Pixabay](https://pixabay.com/photos/seal-animal-water-hairy-3585727/)*
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Pinniped is a “batteries included” authentication system for Kubernetes clusters.
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With the [release of v0.9.0](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/releases/tag/v0.9.0), Pinniped now supports using LDAP identities to log in to Kubernetes clusters.
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This post describes how v0.9.0 fits into Pinniped’s quest to bring a smooth, unified login experience to all Kubernetes clusters.
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## Support for LDAP Identities in the Pinniped Supervisor
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Pinniped is made up of three main components:
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- The Pinniped [_Concierge_]({{< ref "docs/howto/install-concierge.md" >}}) component implements cluster-level authentication.
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- The Pinniped [_Supervisor_]({{< ref "docs/howto/install-supervisor.md" >}}) component implements authentication federation
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across lots of clusters, which each run the Concierge, and makes it easy to bring your own identities using any OIDC or LDAP provider.
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- The `pinniped` [_CLI_]({{< ref "docs/howto/install-cli.md" >}}) acts as an authentication plugin to `kubectl`.
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The new LDAP support lives in the Supervisor component, along with enhancements to the CLI.
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### Why LDAP? And why now?
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From the start, the Pinniped Supervisor has supported getting your identities from OIDC Providers. This was a strategic
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decision for the project, and was made for three reasons:
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1. OIDC is an established standard with good security properties
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2. Many modern identity systems commonly used by enterprises implement OIDC, making it immediately useful for many Pinniped users
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3. Other open source projects, such as [Dex](https://dexidp.io) and [UAA](https://github.com/cloudfoundry/uaa),
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can act as a shim between OIDC and many other identity systems, and can provide a bridge between Pinniped and LDAP
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This strategy has served us well for the initial launch of Pinniped to make it maximally useful for a minimal amount of code.
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Although LDAP is a legacy identity protocol, and it is likely that nobody loves LDAP, the reality seems to be that a lot of enterprises keep using it anyway.
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Luckily, these other technologies could bridge LDAP into earlier versions of Pinniped for us.
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At this point you may be asking yourself: since other systems can be used as a shim between Pinniped and an LDAP provider,
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then why would Pinniped ever need to provide direct support for LDAP providers? Good question. One of our goals is to make Kubernetes
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authentication as flexible and easy to use as possible. While some of the available identity shims are feature-rich technologies, they
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are not necessarily easy to configure. Also, their deployment, initial configuration, and day-two reconfiguration are not necessarily
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accomplished in a Kubernetes-native style using K8s APIs.
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We felt it was worth the effort of building native LDAP support in order to reduce the number of moving parts in your
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authentication system and to simplify the configuration of integrating your LDAP identity providers with Pinniped.
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Although we contemplated including this feature from the beginning, we waited until we had other higher priority
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features in place before prioritizing this effort.
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### What about Active Directory's LDAP?
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This release includes support for generic LDAP providers. When configured correctly for your provider,
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it should work with any LDAP provider.
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We recognize that legacy Active Directory systems are probably one of the most popular LDAP providers.
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However, for this first release we have not specifically tested with Microsoft Active Directory.
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Our generic LDAP implementation should work with Active Directory too.
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We intend to add features in future releases to make it more convenient to integrate with Microsoft Active Directory
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as an LDAP provider, and to include AD in our automated testing suite. Stay tuned.
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In the meantime, please let us know if you run into any issues or concerns using your LDAP system.
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Feel free to ask questions via [#pinniped](https://go.pinniped.dev/community/slack) on Kubernetes Slack,
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or [create an issue](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/issues/new/choose) on our Github repository.
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### Security Considerations
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LDAP is inherently less secure than OIDC in one important way. In an OIDC login flow, your account credentials are only
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handled by your web browser, which you generally trust, and by the OIDC provider itself. The Pinniped CLI and Pinniped
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server-side components never handle your credentials. Unfortunately, LDAP does not work that way. LDAP authentication
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requires that the client send the user's password on behalf of the user. This means that the Pinniped CLI and the
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Pinniped Supervisor both see your LDAP password. If you have the choice between using an OIDC provider or an LDAP
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provider as your source of identity, then you might want to lean toward the OIDC provider for this reason.
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We've taken care to always use TLS encrypted communication channels
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between the CLI and the Supervisor and between the Supervisor and the LDAP provider. We've also taken care to never
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log your password or write it to any storage. The Supervisor is already a privileged component in your chain of trust
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in the sense that if it were compromised by a bad actor, all of your clusters which are trusting it to provide authentication
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would therefore also become vulnerable to intrusion. While in an ideal world we would prefer that no components handled
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your LDAP password, at least the credential is only handled by components which are already assumed to be trusted.
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Other clusters running the Concierge will never see your LDAP password. The Supervisor authenticates your users with
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the LDAP provider, and then the Supervisor issues unique, short-lived, per-cluster tokens. These are the only credentials
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transmitted to the clusters running the Concierge for authentication. Each token is only accepted by its target cluster,
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so a token somehow stolen from one cluster has no value on other clusters. This limits the impact of a compromise on one
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of those clusters.
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You might notice that we have not implemented an API to configure LDAP as an identity provider directly in the Concierge
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component, without requiring use of the Supervisor component. We may add this in the future, although it would be less secure
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for the reasons described above. The reason that we would consider adding it would be for use cases where you are configuring
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authentication only for one or a very small number of clusters, and you don't feel like incurring the overhead of running
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a Supervisor such as configuring ingress, TLS certs, and usually a DNS entry. (Interested in having this feature? Reach out and
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let us know!) Having the Concierge directly talk to the LDAP provider would imply that users would be handing their LDAP
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passwords directly to the Concierge. If a bad actor were able to compromise that cluster as an admin-level user, then
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they might interfere with the Concierge software on that cluster to find a way to see your password. Once they have your
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password they could access other clusters, and even other unrelated systems which are also using LDAP authentication.
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As a design consideration in Pinniped, we generally consider clusters to be untrustworthy to reduce the impact of a successful
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attack on a cluster.
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As an aside, this is a good time to remind you that whether you use OIDC or LDAP identity providers, it is important to
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keep the Supervisor secure. We recommend running the Supervisor on a separate cluster, or a cluster that you use to only run other
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similar security-sensitive components, which is appropriately secured and accessible to the fewest number of users as possible.
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It is also important to ensure that your users are installing the authentic versions of the `kubectl` and `pinniped` CLI tools.
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And it is important that your users are using authentic kubeconfig files handed out by a trusted source.
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### How to use LDAP with your Pinniped Supervisor
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Once you have [installed]({{< ref "docs/howto/install-supervisor.md" >}})
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and [configured]({{< ref "docs/howto/configure-supervisor.md" >}}) the Supervisor, adding an LDAP provider is as easy as creating
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an [LDAPIdentityProvider](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/blob/main/generated/1.20/README.adoc#ldapidentityprovider) resource.
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We've provided examples of using [OpenLDAP]({{< ref "docs/howto/install-supervisor.md" >}})
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and [JumpCloud]({{< ref "docs/howto/install-supervisor.md" >}}) as LDAP providers.
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Stay tuned for examples of using Active Directory.
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The `pinniped` CLI has also been enhanced to support LDAP authentication. Now when `pinnped get kubectl` sees
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that your cluster's Concierge is configured to use a Supervisor which has an LDAPIdentityProvider, then it
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will emit the appropriate kubeconfig to enable LDAP logins. When that kubeconfig is used with `kubectl`,
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the Pinniped plugin will directly prompt the user on the CLI for their LDAP username and password and
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securely transmit them to the Supervisor for authentication.
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### What about SAML?
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Now that we support OIDC and LDAP identity providers, the obvious next question is whether we should also support the third
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big enterprise authentication protocol: SAML.
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We are currently undecided about the value of offering direct support for SAML. The protocol is complex and
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[difficult to implement without mistakes or vulnerabilities in dependencies](https://github.com/dexidp/dex/discussions/1884).
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Additionally, SAML seems to be waning in popularity in favor of OIDC, which provides a similar end-user experience.
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What do you think? Do you still use SAML in your enterprise?
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Do you need SAML for authentication into your Kubernetes clusters? Let us know!
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## Community contributors
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The Pinniped community continues to grow, and is a vital part of the project's success. This release includes important feedback and contributions from community user [@jeuniii](https://github.com/jeuniii). Thank you for helping improve Pinniped!
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We thrive on community feedback. Did you try our new LDAP features?
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What else do you need from identity systems for your Kubernetes clusters?
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Find us in [#pinniped](https://go.pinniped.dev/community/slack) on Kubernetes Slack,
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[create an issue](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/issues/new/choose) on our Github repository,
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or start a [Discussion](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/discussions).
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Thanks for reading our announcement!
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{{< community >}}
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