Extend certauthority to support loading an existing CA.

I think we may still split this apart into multiple packages, but for now it works pretty well in both use cases.

Signed-off-by: Matt Moyer <moyerm@vmware.com>

internal/certauthority/certauthority.go

@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// CA holds the state for a simple x509 certificate authority suitable for use in an aggregated API service.
+type env struct {
-type CA struct {
 	// secure random number generators for various steps (usually crypto/rand.Reader, but broken out here for tests).
 	serialRNG  io.Reader
 	keygenRNG  io.Reader
@@ -32,45 +31,70 @@ type CA struct {
 	// clock tells the current time (usually time.Now(), but broken out here for tests).
 	clock func() time.Time
 
+	// parse function to parse an ASN.1 byte slice into an x509 struct (normally x509.ParseCertificate)
+	parseCert func([]byte) (*x509.Certificate, error)
+}
+
+// CA holds the state for a simple x509 certificate authority suitable for use in an aggregated API service.
+type CA struct {
+	// caCert is the DER-encoded certificate for the current CA.
+	caCertBytes []byte
+
 	// signer is the private key for the current CA.
 	signer crypto.Signer
 
-	// caCert is the DER-encoded certificate for the current CA.
+	// env is our reference to the outside world (clocks and random number generation).
-	caCertBytes []byte
+	env env
 }
 
-// Option to pass when calling New.
+// secureEnv is the "real" environment using secure RNGs and the real system clock.
-type Option func(*CA) error
+func secureEnv() env {
-
+	return env{
-func New(subject pkix.Name, opts ...Option) (*CA, error) {
-	// Initialize the result by starting with some defaults and applying any provided options.
-	ca := CA{
 		serialRNG:  rand.Reader,
 		keygenRNG:  rand.Reader,
 		signingRNG: rand.Reader,
 		clock:      time.Now,
-	}
+		parseCert:  x509.ParseCertificate,
-	for _, opt := range opts {
-		if err := opt(&ca); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
 	}
 }
 
+// Load a certificate authority from an existing certificate and private key (in PEM format).
+func Load(certPath string, keyPath string) (*CA, error) {
+	cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(certPath, keyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not load CA: %w", err)
+	}
+	if certCount := len(cert.Certificate); certCount != 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected CA to be a single certificate, found %d certificates", certCount)
+	}
+	return &CA{
+		caCertBytes: cert.Certificate[0],
+		signer:      cert.PrivateKey.(crypto.Signer),
+		env:         secureEnv(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// New generates a fresh certificate authority with the given subject.
+func New(subject pkix.Name) (*CA, error) { return newInternal(subject, secureEnv()) }
+
+// newInternal is the internal guts of New, broken out for easier testing.
+func newInternal(subject pkix.Name, env env) (*CA, error) {
+	ca := CA{env: env}
 	// Generate a random serial for the CA
-	serialNumber, err := randomSerial(ca.serialRNG)
+	serialNumber, err := randomSerial(env.serialRNG)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate CA serial: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Generate a new P256 keypair.
-	privateKey, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), ca.keygenRNG)
+	privateKey, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), env.keygenRNG)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate CA private key: %w", err)
 	}
 	ca.signer = privateKey
 
 	// Make a CA certificate valid for 100 years and backdated by one minute.
-	now := ca.clock()
+	now := env.clock()
 	notBefore := now.Add(-1 * time.Minute)
 	notAfter := now.Add(24 * time.Hour * 365 * 100)
 
@@ -87,7 +111,7 @@ func New(subject pkix.Name, opts ...Option) (*CA, error) {
 	}
 
 	// Self-sign the CA to get the DER certificate.
-	caCertBytes, err := x509.CreateCertificate(ca.signingRNG, &caTemplate, &caTemplate, &privateKey.PublicKey, privateKey)
+	caCertBytes, err := x509.CreateCertificate(env.signingRNG, &caTemplate, &caTemplate, &privateKey.PublicKey, privateKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not issue CA certificate: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -95,37 +119,27 @@ func New(subject pkix.Name, opts ...Option) (*CA, error) {
 	return &ca, nil
 }
 
-// WriteBundle writes the current CA signing bundle in concatenated PEM format.
-func (c *CA) WriteBundle(out io.Writer) error {
-	if err := pem.Encode(out, &pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: c.caCertBytes}); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not encode CA certificate to PEM: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // Bundle returns the current CA signing bundle in concatenated PEM format.
-func (c *CA) Bundle() ([]byte, error) {
+func (c *CA) Bundle() []byte {
-	var out bytes.Buffer
+	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: c.caCertBytes})
-	err := c.WriteBundle(&out)
-	return out.Bytes(), err
 }
 
 // Issue a new server certificate for the given identity and duration.
 func (c *CA) Issue(subject pkix.Name, dnsNames []string, ttl time.Duration) (*tls.Certificate, error) {
 	// Choose a random 128 bit serial number.
-	serialNumber, err := randomSerial(c.serialRNG)
+	serialNumber, err := randomSerial(c.env.serialRNG)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate serial number for certificate: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Generate a new P256 keypair.
-	privateKey, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), c.keygenRNG)
+	privateKey, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), c.env.keygenRNG)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate private key: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Make a CA caCert valid for the requested TTL and backdated by one minute.
-	now := c.clock()
+	now := c.env.clock()
 	notBefore := now.Add(-1 * time.Minute)
 	notAfter := now.Add(ttl)
 
@@ -153,7 +167,7 @@ func (c *CA) Issue(subject pkix.Name, dnsNames []string, ttl time.Duration) (*tl
 	}
 
 	// Parse the DER encoded certificate back out into an *x509.Certificate.
-	newCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(certBytes)
+	newCert, err := c.env.parseCert(certBytes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse certificate: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -166,6 +180,35 @@ func (c *CA) Issue(subject pkix.Name, dnsNames []string, ttl time.Duration) (*tl
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// IssuePEM issues a new server certificate for the given identity and duration, returning it as a pair of
+//  PEM-formatted byte slices for the certificate and private key.
+func (c *CA) IssuePEM(subject pkix.Name, dnsNames []string, ttl time.Duration) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
+	return toPEM(c.Issue(subject, dnsNames, ttl))
+}
+
+func toPEM(cert *tls.Certificate, err error) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
+	// If the wrapped Issue() returned an error, pass it back.
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the certificate(s) to PEM.
+	certPEMBlocks := make([][]byte, 0, len(cert.Certificate))
+	for _, c := range cert.Certificate {
+		certPEMBlocks = append(certPEMBlocks, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: c}))
+	}
+	certPEM := bytes.Join(certPEMBlocks, nil)
+
+	// Encode the private key to PEM, which means we first need to convert to PKCS8 (DER).
+	privateKeyPKCS8, err := x509.MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey(cert.PrivateKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal private key into PKCS8: %w", err)
+	}
+	keyPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "PRIVATE KEY", Bytes: privateKeyPKCS8})
+
+	return certPEM, keyPEM, nil
+}
+
 // randomSerial generates a random 128 bit serial number.
 func randomSerial(rng io.Reader) (*big.Int, error) {
 	return rand.Int(rng, new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 128))

internal/certauthority/certauthority_test.go

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 package certauthority
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"crypto"
+	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
 	"fmt"
@@ -19,65 +19,149 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
+func TestLoad(t *testing.T) {
-	now := time.Date(2020, 7, 10, 12, 41, 12, 1234, time.UTC)
-
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
-		opts    []Option
+		certPath string
+		keyPath  string
 		wantErr  string
 	}{
 		{
-			name: "error option",
+			name:     "missing cert",
-			opts: []Option{func(ca *CA) error {
+			certPath: "./testdata/cert-does-not-exist",
-				return fmt.Errorf("some error")
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/test.key",
-			}},
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: open ./testdata/cert-does-not-exist: no such file or directory",
-			wantErr: "some error",
 		},
 		{
-			name: "failed to generate CA serial",
+			name:     "empty cert",
-			opts: []Option{func(ca *CA) error {
+			certPath: "./testdata/empty",
-				ca.serialRNG = strings.NewReader("")
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/test.key",
-				ca.keygenRNG = strings.NewReader("")
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: tls: failed to find any PEM data in certificate input",
-				ca.signingRNG = strings.NewReader("")
-				return nil
-			}},
-			wantErr: "could not generate CA serial: EOF",
 		},
 		{
-			name: "failed to generate CA key",
+			name:     "invalid cert",
-			opts: []Option{func(ca *CA) error {
+			certPath: "./testdata/invalid",
-				ca.serialRNG = strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64))
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/test.key",
-				ca.keygenRNG = strings.NewReader("")
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: tls: failed to find any PEM data in certificate input",
-				return nil
-			}},
-			wantErr: "could not generate CA private key: EOF",
 		},
 		{
-			name: "failed to self-sign",
+			name:     "missing key",
-			opts: []Option{func(ca *CA) error {
+			certPath: "./testdata/test.crt",
-				ca.serialRNG = strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64))
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/key-does-not-exist",
-				ca.keygenRNG = strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("y", 64))
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: open ./testdata/key-does-not-exist: no such file or directory",
-				ca.signingRNG = strings.NewReader("")
+		},
-				return nil
+		{
-			}},
+			name:     "empty key",
-			wantErr: "could not issue CA certificate: EOF",
+			certPath: "./testdata/test.crt",
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/empty",
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: tls: failed to find any PEM data in key input",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "invalid key",
+			certPath: "./testdata/test.crt",
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/invalid",
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: tls: failed to find any PEM data in key input",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "mismatched cert and key",
+			certPath: "./testdata/test.crt",
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/test2.key",
+			wantErr:  "could not load CA: tls: private key does not match public key",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "multiple certs",
+			certPath: "./testdata/multiple.crt",
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/test.key",
+			wantErr:  "expected CA to be a single certificate, found 2 certificates",
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "success",
-			opts: []Option{func(ca *CA) error {
+			certPath: "./testdata/test.crt",
-				ca.serialRNG = strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64))
+			keyPath:  "./testdata/test.key",
-				ca.keygenRNG = strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("y", 64))
-				ca.signingRNG = strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("z", 64))
-				ca.clock = func() time.Time { return now }
-				return nil
-			}},
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := New(pkix.Name{CommonName: "Test CA"}, tt.opts...)
+			ca, err := Load(tt.certPath, tt.keyPath)
+			if tt.wantErr != "" {
+				require.EqualError(t, err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotEmpty(t, ca.caCertBytes)
+			require.NotNil(t, ca.signer)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
+	got, err := New(pkix.Name{CommonName: "Test CA"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, got)
+
+	// Make sure the CA certificate looks roughly like what we expect.
+	caCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(got.caCertBytes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "Test CA", caCert.Subject.CommonName)
+}
+
+func TestNewInternal(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Date(2020, 7, 10, 12, 41, 12, 1234, time.UTC)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		env            env
+		wantErr        string
+		wantCommonName string
+		wantNotBefore  time.Time
+		wantNotAfter   time.Time
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "failed to generate CA serial",
+			env: env{
+				serialRNG:  strings.NewReader(""),
+				keygenRNG:  strings.NewReader(""),
+				signingRNG: strings.NewReader(""),
+			},
+			wantErr: "could not generate CA serial: EOF",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "failed to generate CA key",
+			env: env{
+				serialRNG:  strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
+				keygenRNG:  strings.NewReader(""),
+				signingRNG: strings.NewReader(""),
+			},
+			wantErr: "could not generate CA private key: EOF",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "failed to self-sign",
+			env: env{
+				serialRNG:  strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
+				keygenRNG:  strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("y", 64)),
+				signingRNG: strings.NewReader(""),
+				clock:      func() time.Time { return now },
+			},
+			wantErr: "could not issue CA certificate: EOF",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "success",
+			env: env{
+				serialRNG:  strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
+				keygenRNG:  strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("y", 64)),
+				signingRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("z", 64)),
+				clock:      func() time.Time { return now },
+			},
+			wantCommonName: "Test CA",
+			wantNotAfter:   now.Add(100 * 365 * 24 * time.Hour),
+			wantNotBefore:  now.Add(-1 * time.Minute),
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := newInternal(pkix.Name{CommonName: "Test CA"}, tt.env)
 			if tt.wantErr != "" {
 				require.EqualError(t, err, tt.wantErr)
 				require.Nil(t, got)
@@ -89,46 +173,17 @@ func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 			// Make sure the CA certificate looks roughly like what we expect.
 			caCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(got.caCertBytes)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, "Test CA", caCert.Subject.CommonName)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.wantCommonName, caCert.Subject.CommonName)
-			require.Equal(t, now.Add(100*365*24*time.Hour).Unix(), caCert.NotAfter.Unix())
+			require.Equal(t, tt.wantNotAfter.Unix(), caCert.NotAfter.Unix())
-			require.Equal(t, now.Add(-1*time.Minute).Unix(), caCert.NotBefore.Unix())
+			require.Equal(t, tt.wantNotBefore.Unix(), caCert.NotBefore.Unix())
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-type errWriter struct {
-	err error
-}
-
-func (e *errWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) { return 0, e.err }
-
-func TestWriteBundle(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("error", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ca := CA{}
-		out := errWriter{fmt.Errorf("some error")}
-		require.EqualError(t, ca.WriteBundle(&out), "could not encode CA certificate to PEM: some error")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("empty", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ca := CA{}
-		var out bytes.Buffer
-		require.NoError(t, ca.WriteBundle(&out))
-		require.Equal(t, "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n", out.String())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ca := CA{caCertBytes: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}}
-		var out bytes.Buffer
-		require.NoError(t, ca.WriteBundle(&out))
-		require.Equal(t, "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nAQIDBAUGBwg=\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n", out.String())
-	})
-}
-
 func TestBundle(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
 		ca := CA{caCertBytes: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}}
-		got, err := ca.Bundle()
+		got := ca.Bundle()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nAQIDBAUGBwg=\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n", string(got))
 	})
 }
@@ -147,7 +202,7 @@ func (e *errSigner) Sign(_ io.Reader, _ []byte, _ crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, er
 func TestIssue(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Date(2020, 7, 10, 12, 41, 12, 1234, time.UTC)
 
-	realCA, err := New(pkix.Name{CommonName: "Test CA"})
+	realCA, err := Load("./testdata/test.crt", "./testdata/test.key")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -158,33 +213,41 @@ func TestIssue(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "failed to generate serial",
 			ca: CA{
+				env: env{
 					serialRNG: strings.NewReader(""),
 				},
+			},
 			wantErr: "could not generate serial number for certificate: EOF",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "failed to generate keypair",
 			ca: CA{
+				env: env{
 					serialRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					keygenRNG: strings.NewReader(""),
 				},
+			},
 			wantErr: "could not generate private key: EOF",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "invalid CA certificate",
 			ca: CA{
+				env: env{
 					serialRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					keygenRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					clock:     func() time.Time { return now },
 				},
+			},
 			wantErr: "could not parse CA certificate: asn1: syntax error: sequence truncated",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "signing error",
 			ca: CA{
+				env: env{
 					serialRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					keygenRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					clock:     func() time.Time { return now },
+				},
 				caCertBytes: realCA.caCertBytes,
 				signer: &errSigner{
 					pubkey: realCA.signer.Public(),
@@ -196,9 +259,28 @@ func TestIssue(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "success",
 			ca: CA{
+				env: env{
 					serialRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					keygenRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
 					clock:     func() time.Time { return now },
+					parseCert: func(_ []byte) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
+						return nil, fmt.Errorf("some parse certificate error")
+					},
+				},
+				caCertBytes: realCA.caCertBytes,
+				signer:      realCA.signer,
+			},
+			wantErr: "could not parse certificate: some parse certificate error",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "success",
+			ca: CA{
+				env: env{
+					serialRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
+					keygenRNG: strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 64)),
+					clock:     func() time.Time { return now },
+					parseCert: x509.ParseCertificate,
+				},
 				caCertBytes: realCA.caCertBytes,
 				signer:      realCA.signer,
 			},
@@ -218,3 +300,41 @@ func TestIssue(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestIssuePEM(t *testing.T) {
+	realCA, err := Load("./testdata/test.crt", "./testdata/test.key")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	certPEM, keyPEM, err := realCA.IssuePEM(pkix.Name{CommonName: "Test Server"}, []string{"example.com"}, 10*time.Minute)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, certPEM)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, keyPEM)
+}
+
+func TestToPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	realCert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("./testdata/test.crt", "./testdata/test.key")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("error from input", func(t *testing.T) {
+		certPEM, keyPEM, err := toPEM(nil, fmt.Errorf("some error"))
+		require.EqualError(t, err, "some error")
+		require.Nil(t, certPEM)
+		require.Nil(t, keyPEM)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid private key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cert := realCert
+		cert.PrivateKey = nil
+		certPEM, keyPEM, err := toPEM(&cert, nil)
+		require.EqualError(t, err, "failed to marshal private key into PKCS8: x509: unknown key type while marshaling PKCS#8: <nil>")
+		require.Nil(t, certPEM)
+		require.Nil(t, keyPEM)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
+		certPEM, keyPEM, err := toPEM(&realCert, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, certPEM)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, keyPEM)
+	})
+}

internal/certauthority/testdata/invalid

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Some invalid file contents

internal/certauthority/testdata/multiple.crt

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICyDCCAbCgAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADAVMRMwEQYDVQQDEwprdWJl
+cm5ldGVzMB4XDTIwMDcyNTIxMDQxOFoXDTMwMDcyMzIxMDQxOFowFTETMBEGA1UE
+AxMKa3ViZXJuZXRlczCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAL3K
+hYv2gIQ1Dwzh2cWMid+ofAnvLIfV2Xv61vTLGprUI+XUqB4/gtf6X6UNn0Lett2n
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

internal/certauthority/testdata/test.crt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

internal/certauthority/testdata/test.key

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

internal/certauthority/testdata/test2.key

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----