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+---
+title: "Audit Logging"
+authors: [ "@cfryanr" ]
+status: "in-review"
+sponsor: [ ]
+approval_date: ""
+---
+
+*Disclaimer*: Proposals are point-in-time designs and decisions. Once approved and implemented, they become historical
+documents. If you are reading an old proposal, please be aware that the features described herein might have continued
+to evolve since.
+
+# Audit Logging
+
+## Problem Statement
+
+Audit logging is a requirement from most compliance standards (e.g. FedRAMP, PCI-DSS). The Pinniped Supervisor and
+Concierge components should provide audit logs to help users meet these compliance requirements.
+
+The Kubernetes API server already supports
+rich [audit logging features](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/) which are implemented
+by vendors of Kubernetes distributions. The Pinniped audit logs are meant to augment, not replace, the Kubernetes audit
+logs.
+
+### How Pinniped Works Today (as of version v0.16.0)
+
+The Pinniped Supervisor and Concierge components are Kubernetes Deployments. Today, each Pod has a single container,
+which is the Supervisor or Concierge app. Kubernetes captures the stdout and stderr of the app into the Pod logs.
+
+Today, the Pinniped Supervisor and Concierge log many interesting events to their Pod logs. These logs are meant
+primarily to help an admin user debug problems with their Pinniped configuration or with their cluster. The Supervisor
+and Concierge each offer an install-time configuration option to turn up the verbosity of these Pod logs.
+
+However, these logs are not meant to be audit logs. They generally focus on logging problems, not on logging successes.
+They try to avoid logging anything that might be confidential or PII (personally identifiable information). Since email
+addresses might be considered PII, these logs generally avoid including usernames at the default log level, since
+usernames could be email addresses in some configurations. Logging the identity of actors (usernames) are a key aspect
+of audit logs.
+
+## Terminology / Concepts
+
+None.
+
+## Proposal
+
+The goal of an audit log is to log events that could be helpful in a forensic investigation of past usage, including the
+actor (the username) and the actions that were taken on the system.
+
+### Goals and Non-goals
+
+Goals
+
+- Auditing events relating to upstream identity provider (IDP) authentication, refresh, and sessions.
+- Auditing events relating to minting and validating cluster credentials.
+- Enabling auditors to easily stitch together authentication events into an audit trail.
+- Provide consistent data across auditable events.
+- Provide the ability to enable and disable auditing.
+- Provide the ability to route audit logs to a separate destination from the rest of Pinniped’s logs.
+
+Non-goals
+
+- Enabling Kubernetes API request auditing in the impersonation proxy. If needed, this will be handled in a separate
+  feature.
+- Providing the ability to filter or choose which audit events to capture.
+- Auditing the management of CRs (e.g. OIDCIdentityProvider). These events are captured by the API server audit logs.
+
+### Specification / How it Solves the Use Cases
+
+This proposal recommends following the recommendation of the Kubernetes docs to create a separate Pod container log.
+This new container log will contain the audit logs (and only the audit logs).
+
+#### API Changes
+
+##### Configuration Options
+
+There will be very few user-facing configuration options for audit logging in the first version of the feature. If later
+found to be needed, more configuration could be added in future versions.
+
+This proposal recommends adding a single on/off install-time configuration option for disabling audit logs. By default,
+audit logs will be disabled. Usernames may be considered PII, so disabled by default avoids potentially logging PII.
+
+Like other install-time configuration options, this option would appear in the values.yaml file of the Supervisor and
+Concierge deployment directories. The selected value would be rendered into the "static" ConfigMap, and read by the
+Supervisor or Concierge app's Golang code at Pod startup time.
+
+##### Event Data
+
+Deciding every specific audit event is an implementation detail beyond the scope of this proposal.
+
+Generally, the following data should be included with every audit event, whenever possible:
+
+- What type of event occurred (e.g. login)
+- Outcomes of event (succeed or fail)
+- When the event occurred
+- Where the event occurred (Kubernetes Pod logs automatically include the ID of the Pod, which should be sufficient)
+- Source of the event (e.g. requester IP address)
+- The identity of individuals or subjects associated with the event (who initiated, who participated. etc.)
+- Details involving any objects accessed
+
+The Supervisor's audit logs would include events such as:
+
+- Upstream logins for all IdP types (started, succeeded, failed)
+- Upstream refresh for all IdP types (succeeded, failed)
+- Upstream group refresh for all IdP types (succeeded, failed)
+- Downstream login (started, succeeded, failed)
+- Downstream token exchange (succeeded, failed)
+- Session expired
+- The equivalent of access log events for all Supervisor endpoints, since there is no other component providing
+  access logs. This would include logging things like calls to the Supervisor's OIDC well-known discovery endpoint.
+  These logs could help an investigator determine more about the usage pattern of a suspicious client.
+- The identity (username, group memberships) of newly authenticated users
+- Newly authenticated user is associated with “admin-like” RBAC. Any user that is allowed to perform
+  `verbs=* groups=* resources=*` according to a subject access review API call shall be considered "admin-like".
+  This would only indicate that the user has "admin-like" permissions on the Supervisor cluster itself, not on other
+  workload clusters, since the Supervisor is not aware of the RBAC settings on the workload clusters.
+
+The Concierge's audit logs would include events such as:
+
+- Token credential request (succeeded, failed, maps to admin RBAC). While already captured by the API server audit
+  logs, those should likely be set to metadata. Duplicating the event allows for more controlled capture & management of
+  data.
+  - Similar to the Supervisor, the TCR endpoint could log when an authenticated user is associated with “admin-like”
+    RBAC. Any user that is allowed to perform `verbs=* groups=* resources=*` according to a subject access review API
+    call shall be considered "admin-like".
+- WhoAmI Request. While already captured by the API server audit logs, duplicating the event allows for more controlled
+  capture & management of data.
+
+Other events may be useful to auditors and may be included in the audit logs, such as:
+
+- Application startup with version information
+- Graceful application shutdown
+
+##### Audit Logs as Separate Log Files
+
+The Concierge and Supervisor apps could each send audit logs to separate files on disk in JSON format. The performance
+impact of logging to a file should be acceptable thanks to file buffering, but this assumption should be tested. Note
+that this approach would not guarantee that the log statement is flushed to the file before the action is performed,
+because then we would lose the benefit of buffering. It would be "best effort" to the file, e.g. the process crashing
+might lose a few lines of logs. A normal pod shutdown should be able to flush the file without any loss.
+
+[A new streaming sidecar container](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/#sidecar-container-with-logging-agent)
+will be added to both the Concierge and Supervisor apps Deployments' Pods. These containers will tail those audit logs
+to stdout, thus effectively moving those log lines from files on the Pod to Kubernetes container logs. Those sidecar
+container images can be minimal with just enough in the image to support the unix `tail` command (or similar Go binary,
+such as [hpcloud/tail](https://github.com/hpcloud/tail), although that particular example library may not be maintained
+anymore).
+
+Kubernetes will take care of concerns such as log rotation for the container logs. For the files on the Pod's disk
+output by the Supervisor and Concierge apps, we should research whether Pinniped should have code to avoid allowing
+those files from growing too large. Old lines can be discarded since the sidecar container should have already streamed
+them.
+
+Container logs in JSON format are easy for node-level logging agents, e.g. fluentbit, to ingest/annotate/parse/filter
+and send to numerous sink destinations. These containers could still run when audit logs are disabled by the admin, but
+would produce no log lines in that case.
+
+##### Parsing, Filtering, and Sending Audit Logs to an External Destination
+
+Many users will use the popular [fluentbit](https://fluentbit.io) project to filter and extract Pod logs from their
+cluster. This project implements
+a [node-level log agent](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/#using-a-node-logging-agent)
+which understands the Kubernetes directory and file layout for Pod logs. It also has a feature to further enrich the
+logs
+by [automatically adding more information about the source Pod](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/filters/kubernetes)
+to each event (line) in the log. It supports many configurable options
+for [parsing](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/parsers),
+[filtering](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/filters), and sending logs
+to [many destinations](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/outputs).
+
+By putting the Supervisor and Concierge audit logs into their own Pod logs, Pinniped will be compatible with any
+existing node-level agent software which can extract logs from a Kubernetes cluster. This allows the Pinniped code to
+focus on generating the logs as JSON, without worrying about providing any configuration options for filtering or
+sending to various destinations.
+
+##### Audit Log JSON Format
+
+The
+[format of Kubernetes audit logs](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/d0832102a7017e83bf47a5137b690e52f19c267c/staging/src/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/apis/audit/v1/types.go#L72-L142)
+is not a perfect fit for Pinniped. The Kubernetes audit logs are strongly oriented towards API requests for Kubernetes
+resources, with many of the fields representing the details of a request and response. The format of the Pinniped audit
+logs will draw inspiration from the Kubernetes audit events without trying to directly copy them.
+
+Each line of audit log will represent an event. Each line will be a complete JSON object,
+i.e. `{"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"}`.
+
+Some, but not all, events will be the result of a user making an API request to an endpoint. One API request from a user
+may cause more than one event to be logged. If possible, unique ID will be determined for each incoming request, and
+will be included in all events caused by that request.
+
+Where possible, the top-level keys of the JSON object will use standardized names. Other top-level keys specific to that
+action type may be added. All keys should be included in documentation for the audit log feature.
+
+Every event should include these keys:
+
+- `timestamp`: the timestamp of the event
+- `event`: the event type, which is a brief description of what happened, with no string interpolation, so it will
+  always be the same for a given event type (e.g. `upstream refresh succeeded`)
+- `v`: a number specifying the format version of the event type, starting with `1`, to give us flexibility to make
+  breaking changes to the format of an event type in future releases (e.g. change the name of the JSON keys, or change
+  the data type of the value of an existing key)
+
+Depending on the event type, an event might include other keys, such as:
+
+- `message`: a freeform warning or error message meant to be read by a human (e.g. the error message that was returned by an
+  upstream IDP during a failed login attempt)
+- `requestID`: a unique ID for the request, if the event is related to an API request
+- `requestURI`: the path of the endpoint, if the event is related to an API request
+- `verb`: the REST method called on the endpoint, if the event is related to an API request
+- `sourceIPs`: the client's IPs, if the event is related to an API request
+- `userAgent`: the user agent string reported by the client, if the event is related to an API request
+- `user`: a nested structure which can include the `username`, `groups`, and `uid` of the user performing the action, if
+  there is one
+
+The names of many of these keys are purposefully similar to the names of the keys used by Kubernetes audit events to
+make them feel familiar. Also, where it makes sense, the key names should be similar to
+[those used in the Pinniped Pod logs](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/blob/main/internal/plog/zap.go#L104-L120).
+
+The details of these additional keys will be worked out as the details of the specific events are being worked out,
+during implementation of this proposal.
+
+##### Audit Log Timestamps
+
+The date format used in the audit logs should be something which can be easily parsed by fluentbit, to make it easy for
+users to configure fluentbit. We could easily document this to provide instructions on how to configure a custom
+fluentbit parser for Pinniped audit logs. We should probably
+avoid [fluentbit's default json parser's](https://github.com/fluent/fluent-bit/blob/845b6ae8576077fd512dbe64fb8e16ff4b15abdb/conf/parsers.conf#L35-L39)
+date format, which assumes dates will be in an ugly format and also lacks sub-second precision
+(e.g. `08/Apr/2022:19:24:01 +0000`).
+
+fluentbit uses [strptime](https://linux.die.net/man/3/strptime)
+with [an extension for fractional seconds](https://docs.fluentbit.io/manual/pipeline/parsers/configuring-parser#time-resolution-and-fractional-seconds)
+to parse timestamps.
+
+It would be desirable for a timestamp to:
+
+1. Be human-readable (e.g. not seconds since an epoch)
+2. Be easily parsable by log parsers, especially fluentbit
+3. Be expressed in UTC time
+4. Use at least millisecond precision
+5. Use the consistent JSON key name `timestamp`
+
+Golang's standard library's [interpretation](https://pkg.go.dev/time#pkg-constants) of RFC 3339 with nanosecond
+precision defines a timestamp format which meets the above goals. An example timestamp in this format, printed
+by `fmt.Println(time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano))`, is `2022-05-09T21:32:59.811913Z`, which represents UTC time
+on May 9, 2022, at 21:32:59 pm, 811913 nanoseconds into the next second. Note that trailing zeros on the nanoseconds are
+dropped, so the length of the nanoseconds field is variable in the output.
+
+Given this timestamp format, the following fluentbit configuration could be used to parse Pinniped's audit logs.
+
+```
+    [PARSER]
+      Name   json
+      Format json
+      Time_Key timestamp
+      Time_Format %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%LZ
+```
+
+#### Upgrades
+
+Since audit logs will be output to a new location, there are not any backward compatibility concerns for them in the
+first release.
+
+Adding a second container to the Pods in generally not noticeable by a user, but may have some impact on existing
+installations in some rare cases, so it should be explained in the release notes. For example, a GKE Ingress will, by
+default, read the Pod's container definition to try to guess the health check endpoint for the backend Service of the
+Ingress. When there is only one container, it will try to guess, but where there is more than one container it will give
+up on guessing and instead expect the user to configure the health checks. So upgrading could break the health checks of
+a GKE Ingress, if no health checks were configured.
+
+#### Tests
+
+Audit logging will be a user-facing feature, and the format of the logs should be considered a documented and versioned
+API. Unnecessary changes to the format should be avoided after the first release. Therefore, all audit log events should
+be covered by unit tests.
+
+This implies that it may be desirable for the implementation to involve passing around a pointer to some interface to
+all code which needs to add events to the audit log. Such an implementation would make the audit logs more testable. A
+production code implementation of the interface should take care of common concerns, such as adding the timestamp,
+deciding required key names, and formatting the output as JSON. A test implementation of the interface could handle
+those common concerns differently to make testing easier.
+
+#### New Dependencies
+
+- We might want to consider using a library like [zap](https://github.com/uber-go/zap) to aid in implementation, but
+  that is already an indirect dependency of Pinniped.
+- The new streaming sidecar container will need a container image. Using the existing pinniped-server container image
+  seems desirable. It is a distroless image, which is good for security. And it is the only image that we currently ship
+  in Pinniped releases. One option to make this happen would be to implement the tail command in Go, but any binary that
+  can work in a distroless image should be okay. We should avoid adding linux standard libraries to the container image,
+  so the binary should be statically linked with no external dependencies. The binary should support the same OS and
+  architecture that our existing Go binary supports.
+
+#### Performance Considerations
+
+By using buffered output to write to the audit log files, there should not be any meaningful performance impact. This
+assumption should be tested.
+
+#### Observability Considerations
+
+Auditing will improve operator observability, as described in the other sections of this document.
+
+#### Security Considerations
+
+The audit logs will be Pod container logs, so the contents of the logs will be protected by Kubernetes like any Pod
+container logs.
+
+#### Usability Considerations
+
+By using Pod container logs, the user will have many options to manage these logs.
+
+#### Documentation Considerations
+
+The supported audit event types, and they JSON keys output for each event type, should be documented. Users should be
+able to build their own parsers for these events based on the documentation.
+
+If the production code implementation of the audit interface used Golang constants for all allowed JSON key names and
+event type names, and otherwise enforced certain standards, then it may be possible to auto-generate (or nearly
+auto-generate) the documentation for the audit event types.
+
+### Other Approaches Considered
+
+None yet.
+
+## Open Questions
+
+None.
+
+## Answered Questions
+
+- Should we output events that can function similar to access logs for the Supervisor endpoints?
+  Yes (paragraphs above updated).
+- Should we try to somehow detect that a user is "root-like"? Yes (paragraphs above updated).
+
+## Implementation Plan
+
+The maintainers will implement these features. It might fit into one PR.
+
+## Implementation PRs
+
+*This section is a placeholder to list the PRs that implement this proposal. This section should be left empty until
+after the proposal is approved. After implementation, the proposal can be updated to list related implementation PRs.*