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proposals/1113_ldap-ad-web-ui/README.md
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proposals/1113_ldap-ad-web-ui/README.md
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---
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title: "Web UI for LDAP/AD login"
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authors: [ "@margocrawf" ]
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status: "accepted"
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approval_date: "May 11, 2022"
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---
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*Disclaimer*: Proposals are point-in-time designs and decisions.
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Once approved and implemented, they become historical documents.
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If you are reading an old proposal, please be aware that the
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features described herein might have continued to evolve since.
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# Web UI for LDAP/AD login
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## Problem Statement
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Today the supervisor only supports a single, hard coded public OAuth client called
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"pinniped-cli" which supports the pinniped CLI’s interactions with the Pinniped Supervisor.
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When clients log in to their IDPs using LDAP or Active Directory, they are prompted to enter their
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credentials the Pinniped CLI without a browser opening.
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The pinniped cli sends the client credentials to the Supervisor, which sends them to the identity provider.
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The "pinniped-cli" client is privileged and as such is trusted to handle a user's credentials
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when authenticating with systems that do not provide an authentication UI (i.e. LDAP).
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However, Pinniped is planning to introduce support for dynamic OAuth clients.
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These clients should _not_ be trusted to handle a user's IDP credentials.
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Therefore, we need a mechanism for untrusted clients to acquire Pinniped's downstream tokens while
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leaving the IDP credential handling to the Pinniped supervisor.
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## Proposal
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Pinniped must provide a simple login screen in order to support UIs that wish
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to authenticate with the Pinniped Supervisor to gain access to a cluster without
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requiring each app to handle IDP credentials.
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### Goals and Non-goals
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#### Goals
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* Prevent OAuth clients, other than the Pinniped CLI, from providing credentials via the authorization request
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* Provide a minimal feature set (ie user id, password & submit button only)
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* Provide generalized error messaging for failed logins that do not expose sensitive information (i.e. we should say "invalid username or password"
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but do not expose whether it's the username or password that's incorrect)
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* Provide information easily allowing a user to identify the screen as belonging to Pinniped and which upstream IdP is being represented (e.g. IdP name)
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* Address basic security concerns for web forms (HTTPS, passwords use a password field, CSRF protection, redirect protection)
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* Prevent LDAP injection attacks
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* Rely on the upstream IdP to address advanced security concerns (brute force protection, username enumeration, etc)
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* Screens are accessible and friendly to screen readers
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* Screens are friendly to password managers
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#### Non-goals
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* A rich client (ie the use of javascript)
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* Advanced UI features (e.g. remember me, reveal password).
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* Branding & customization beyond the information listed in the goals used to identify the login screen belongs to Pinniped.
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* Supporting SSO integrations
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* Internationalization or localization. The CLI doesn't currently support this either.
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### Specification / How it Solves the Use Cases
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#### API Changes
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The supervisor must accept requests from other clients, as detailed
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in the (todo) proposal for dynamic client registration.
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When a client other than pinniped-cli makes an authorization endpoint request with `response_type=code` and their
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IDP is an LDAP or Active Directory IDP, the user will be redirected to the new login page.
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The login page should display the IDP name and indicate that it belongs to Pinniped.
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When a client other than the Pinniped CLI makes an authorization endpoint request with
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custom Username/Password headers, they should be rejected.
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The discovery metadata for LDAP/AD IDPS should indicate that they support a flow of `browser_authcode`.
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The state param should be augmented to include the IDP type as well as the IDP name. The type
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should be included in `UpstreamStateParamData` so that later when we get it back in the callback
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request we can tell which IDP it is referring to. This will require an update to
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`UpstreamStataParamData.FormatVersion`, which would mean that logins in progress at the time of
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upgrade would fail.
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The pinniped cli should default to using the cli-based password flow, but when the `--upstream-identity-provider-flow`,
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flag specifies `browser_authcode`, it will open a browser to log in
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instead of prompting for username and password. Some users (for example, IDE plugins for kubernetes)
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may wish to authenticate using the pinniped cli but without access to a terminal.
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Here is how the login flow might work:
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1. The supervisor receives an authorization request.
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1. If the client_id param is not "pinniped-cli", and it includes username and password via the custom headers, reject the request.
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2. If the request does not include the custom username/password headers, assume we want to use the webpage login.
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3. Today, the CLI specifies the IDP name and type as request parameters, but the server currently ignores these
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since the Supervisor does not allow multiple idps today. This could be enhanced in the future to use the requested
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IDP when the params are present, and to show another UI page to allow the end user to choose which IDP when the params
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are not present. This leaves room for future multiple IDP support in this flow,
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however, the details are outside the scope of this proposal.
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4. Encode the request parameters into a state param like is done today for the `OIDCIdentityProvider`.
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In addition to the values encoded today (auth params, upstream IDP name, nonce, csrf token and pkce),
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encode the upstream IDP type.
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5. Set a CSRF cookie on the response like what we do for OIDC today.
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6. Return a redirect to the LDAP web url. This should take the form `<issuer-url>/login`
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2. The client receives the redirect and follows it to `<issuer-url>/login`
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3. The supervisor receives the GET request to `<issuer-url>/login` and renders a simple login form with the Pinniped
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logo and the IDP name.
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1. The submission should be POST `<issuer-url>/login`.
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2. The state param’s value is written into a hidden form input, properly escaped.
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3. Username and password form inputs are shown.
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4. The supervisor receives the POST request.
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1. Decode your state form param to reconstitute the original authorization request params
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(the client’s nonce and PKCE, requested scopes, etc) and also compare the incoming CSRF cookie to the value
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from the state param. This code would be identical to what we do in the upstream OIDC callback endpoint today.
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If the decoded state param’s timestamp is too old, it might be prudent to reject the request.
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2. Using the idp name/type from the state param, look up the IDP, bind to it, verify the username/password and
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get the users downstream username and groups.
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3. If the login succeeds, mint an authcode and store the session as a secret the same way as we do on the
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callback endpoint today, and return the new authcode. If `response_mode=form_post` was requested, return a 200
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with Pinniped's form post html page, to be displayed on the login page. If it is `query`, return a redirect
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with the authcode as a query param. Default behavior when `response_mode` is unspecified should be handled
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by other parts of the code, but it should default to `query` on the supervisor.
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4. If the login fails, respond with a redirect to `<issuer-url>/login` with an error type as the query param,
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so the login page can render an error message. Allow the user to retry login the same way we do with the CLI today
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(we leave brute force protection to the IDP). Display two types of errors-- "login error" (incorrect username or password)
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or "internal error" for something that can't be easily fixed by the user (for example, requests to the LDAP server timing
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out, LDAP queries malformed). The error that is displayed to the user should be generic but should suggest to the user
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whether they should try again, or contact their administrator. (thanks @vrabbi for the suggestion!)
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#### Upgrades
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This change is backwards compatible. Users would see no changes unless they decided to register
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a new client or change the pinniped cli flags.
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However if they do choose to register a new client they may need to update the following:
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- FederationDomains today may be using private certificate authorities. These are trusted
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for our use case but a browser will flag them as unsafe. Admins will have to transition to letsencrypt
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or another public Certificate Authority to prevent making end users click past messages about the certificate
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being untrusted.
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- The name of the idp custom resource is currently not published to users logging in with Pinniped.
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We plan on exposing this to indicate to users which idp they are logging in to.
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Admins may need to update this to something more user-friendly.
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Note: While branding is an important part of the user experience, and we may consider adding
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the option to customize the page or add new fields (such as an IDP "display name" field), we
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are choosing to defer this work until later. We want to get the MVP work done and into users'
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hands and hope to hear more from the community once the MVP is completed.
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For the MVP, we should not add new config but should remind admins that the IDP field field
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is now displayed.
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To enable users to upgrade smoothly, the behavior of the Pinniped CLI when it encounters multiple possible flow options will change.
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Previously, the team had decided that the CLI should fail when there were multiple options (e.g. when it's could
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use either the `browser_authcode` flow or the `cli_password` flow). However, that behavior would break existing
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kubeconfigs once the `browser_authcode` flow was introduced to the IDP discovery doc.
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Instead we are opting to prioritize based on the order listed in the IDP discovery doc.
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Users will still have the option to override this priority with the `--upstream-identity-provider-flow` flag,
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but that flag will not be required.
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#### Tests
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Chromedriver browser based integration tests will be needed to ensure that a user can log in from a web-based app
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by entering their ldap credentials into the web page, as well as unit tests.
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With the pinniped cli:
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- succeeds with correct username and password
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- fails with incorrect username, shows useful but nonspecific error message
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- fails with incorrect password, shows useful but nonspecific error message
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Once dynamic clients are implemented:
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- fails when attempting to pass username/password as headers on requests to the authorize endpoint
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- tests of the rest of the dynamic client functionality that should be detailed as part of that proposal
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#### New Dependencies
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This should be kept to a very simple HTML page with minimal, clean CSS styling.
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Javascript should be avoided.
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The styling should match the [form post html page](https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/tree/main/internal/oidc/provider/formposthtml)
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as much as possible, we should reuse some of the existing css and add to it to keep the style consistent.
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#### Observability Considerations
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* The existing logging in `upstreamldap.go` should be sufficient for logging the attempted logins.
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Further logging should be proposed as a separate proposal.
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#### Security Considerations
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* Preventing LDAP injection attacks: this should be done server-side using our existing
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string escaping.
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* CSRF protection via a CSRF cookie: this should be similar to the way it is done for the
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OIDCIdentityProvider today
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* The new UI page must be HTTPS.
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#### Documentation Considerations
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This new feature will require documentation to explain how to configure it and to publicise that it is available.
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This should include:
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* A blog post describing the feature
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* Website documentation in the form of a how-to guide
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### Other Approaches Considered
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Today, users can configure Dex if they want a web-based LDAP login.
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This introduces complexity because they have to install, configure and
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maintain both Pinniped and Dex in order to use this feature. It also means
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that users do not benefit from the opinionated `ActiveDirectoryIdentityProvider`
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config because Dex does not have an equivalent.
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## Answered Questions
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* Q: What is the format for the URL? (`issuer/some/path`? Something else?)
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A: `<issuer>/login`
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* Q: Can we make it so we can reuse the existing cert, or will we need a new wildcard cert?
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A: Since the page is hosted on the issuer, we can reuse the existing `FederationDomain` cert.
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* Q: Currently we have little validation on branding requirements. Is specifying the IDP name enough for users to understand
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how to log in? How many users will be blocked on using this feature until they can have a company name and logo on the login page?
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A: For our initial release, we will only specify the IDP name. We are open to adding further customization in response to feedback
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from users once the feature is released.
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## Open Questions
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None.
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## Implementation Plan
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While this work is intended to supplement the dynamic client work, parts of it
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can be implemented independently.
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The pinniped cli can support a web based ui flow via a command line flag, or environment variable.
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Then once dynamic clients exist, we can add functionality to accept requests
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from those clients as well.
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## Implementation PRs
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- https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/pinniped/pull/1163
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