ContainerImage.Pinniped/test/integration/concierge_impersonation_proxy_test.go

// Copyright 2020-2021 the Pinniped contributors. All Rights Reserved.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

package integration

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/json"
	"encoding/pem"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
	v1 "k8s.io/api/authorization/v1"
	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	rbacv1 "k8s.io/api/rbac/v1"
	k8serrors "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch"
	k8sinformers "k8s.io/client-go/informers"
	"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
	"sigs.k8s.io/yaml"

	"go.pinniped.dev/generated/latest/apis/concierge/config/v1alpha1"
	identityv1alpha1 "go.pinniped.dev/generated/latest/apis/concierge/identity/v1alpha1"
	loginv1alpha1 "go.pinniped.dev/generated/latest/apis/concierge/login/v1alpha1"
	"go.pinniped.dev/generated/latest/client/concierge/clientset/versioned"
	"go.pinniped.dev/internal/concierge/impersonator"
	"go.pinniped.dev/internal/kubeclient"
	"go.pinniped.dev/internal/testutil"
	"go.pinniped.dev/test/library"
)

// syncBuffer wraps bytes.Buffer with a mutex so we don't have races in our test code.
type syncBuffer struct {
	buf bytes.Buffer
	mu  sync.Mutex
}

func (sb *syncBuffer) String() string {
	sb.mu.Lock()
	defer sb.mu.Unlock()
	return sb.buf.String()
}

func (sb *syncBuffer) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
	sb.mu.Lock()
	defer sb.mu.Unlock()
	return sb.buf.Read(b)
}

func (sb *syncBuffer) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
	sb.mu.Lock()
	defer sb.mu.Unlock()
	return sb.buf.Write(b)
}

// Note that this test supports being run on all of our integration test cluster types:
//   - load balancers not supported, has squid proxy (e.g. kind)
//   - load balancers supported, has squid proxy (e.g. EKS)
//   - load balancers supported, no squid proxy (e.g. GKE)
func TestImpersonationProxy(t *testing.T) { //nolint:gocyclo // yeah, it's complex.
	env := library.IntegrationEnv(t)

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 20*time.Minute)
	defer cancel()

	// Create a client using the admin kubeconfig.
	adminClient := library.NewKubernetesClientset(t)
	adminConciergeClient := library.NewConciergeClientset(t)

	// Create a WebhookAuthenticator and prepare a TokenCredentialRequestSpec using the authenticator for use later.
	credentialRequestSpecWithWorkingCredentials := loginv1alpha1.TokenCredentialRequestSpec{
		Token:         env.TestUser.Token,
		Authenticator: library.CreateTestWebhookAuthenticator(ctx, t),
	}

	// The address of the ClusterIP service that points at the impersonation proxy's port (used when there is no load balancer).
	proxyServiceEndpoint := fmt.Sprintf("%s-proxy.%s.svc.cluster.local", env.ConciergeAppName, env.ConciergeNamespace)
	// The error message that will be returned by squid when the impersonation proxy port inside the cluster is not listening.
	serviceUnavailableViaSquidError := fmt.Sprintf(`Get "https://%s/api/v1/namespaces": Service Unavailable`, proxyServiceEndpoint)

	var mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse *loginv1alpha1.TokenCredentialRequest
	refreshCredential := func() *loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential {
		if mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse == nil || credentialAlmostExpired(t, mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse) {
			var err error
			// Make a TokenCredentialRequest. This can either return a cert signed by the Kube API server's CA (e.g. on kind)
			// or a cert signed by the impersonator's signing CA (e.g. on GKE). Either should be accepted by the impersonation
			// proxy server as a valid authentication.
			//
			// However, we issue short-lived certs, so this cert will only be valid for a few minutes.
			// Cache it until it is almost expired and then refresh it whenever it is close to expired.
			mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse, err = library.CreateTokenCredentialRequest(ctx, t, credentialRequestSpecWithWorkingCredentials)
			require.NoError(t, err)

			require.Nil(t, mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Message,
				"expected no error message but got: %s", library.Sdump(mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Message))
			require.NotEmpty(t, mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Credential.ClientCertificateData)
			require.NotEmpty(t, mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Credential.ClientKeyData)

			// At the moment the credential request should not have returned a token. In the future, if we make it return
			// tokens, we should revisit this test's rest config below.
			require.Empty(t, mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Credential.Token)
		}
		return mostRecentTokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Credential
	}

	impersonationProxyViaSquidKubeClientWithoutCredential := func() kubernetes.Interface {
		proxyURL := "https://" + proxyServiceEndpoint
		kubeconfig := impersonationProxyRestConfig(&loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential{}, proxyURL, nil, "")
		kubeconfig.Proxy = kubeconfigProxyFunc(t, env.Proxy)
		return library.NewKubeclient(t, kubeconfig).Kubernetes
	}

	newImpersonationProxyClientWithCredentials := func(credentials *loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential, impersonationProxyURL string, impersonationProxyCACertPEM []byte, doubleImpersonateUser string) *kubeclient.Client {
		kubeconfig := impersonationProxyRestConfig(credentials, impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, doubleImpersonateUser)
		if !env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
			// Send traffic through the Squid proxy
			kubeconfig.Proxy = kubeconfigProxyFunc(t, env.Proxy)
		}
		return library.NewKubeclient(t, kubeconfig)
	}

	newImpersonationProxyClient := func(impersonationProxyURL string, impersonationProxyCACertPEM []byte, doubleImpersonateUser string) *kubeclient.Client {
		refreshedCredentials := refreshCredential()
		refreshedCredentials.Token = "not a valid token" // demonstrates that client certs take precedence over tokens by setting both on the requests
		return newImpersonationProxyClientWithCredentials(refreshedCredentials, impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, doubleImpersonateUser)
	}

	newAnonymousImpersonationProxyClient := func(impersonationProxyURL string, impersonationProxyCACertPEM []byte, doubleImpersonateUser string) *kubeclient.Client {
		emptyCredentials := &loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential{}
		return newImpersonationProxyClientWithCredentials(emptyCredentials, impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, doubleImpersonateUser)
	}

	oldConfigMap, err := adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyConfigMapName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
	if !k8serrors.IsNotFound(err) {
		require.NoError(t, err) // other errors aside from NotFound are unexpected
		t.Logf("stashing a pre-existing configmap %s", oldConfigMap.Name)
		require.NoError(t, adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Delete(ctx, impersonationProxyConfigMapName(env), metav1.DeleteOptions{}))
	}
	// At the end of the test, clean up the ConfigMap.
	t.Cleanup(func() {
		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Minute)
		defer cancel()

		// Delete any version that was created by this test.
		t.Logf("cleaning up configmap at end of test %s", impersonationProxyConfigMapName(env))
		err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Delete(ctx, impersonationProxyConfigMapName(env), metav1.DeleteOptions{})
		if !k8serrors.IsNotFound(err) {
			require.NoError(t, err) // only not found errors are acceptable
		}

		// Only recreate it if it already existed at the start of this test.
		if len(oldConfigMap.Data) != 0 {
			t.Log(oldConfigMap)
			oldConfigMap.UID = "" // cant have a UID yet
			oldConfigMap.ResourceVersion = ""
			t.Logf("restoring a pre-existing configmap %s", oldConfigMap.Name)
			_, err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Create(ctx, oldConfigMap, metav1.CreateOptions{})
			require.NoError(t, err)
		}
	})

	if env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) { //nolint:nestif // come on... it's just a test
		// Check that load balancer has been automatically created by the impersonator's "auto" mode.
		library.RequireEventuallyWithoutError(t, func() (bool, error) {
			return hasImpersonationProxyLoadBalancerService(ctx, env, adminClient)
		}, 30*time.Second, 500*time.Millisecond)
	} else {
		require.NotEmpty(t, env.Proxy,
			"test cluster does not support load balancers but also doesn't have a squid proxy... "+
				"this is not a supported configuration for test clusters")

		// Check that no load balancer has been created by the impersonator's "auto" mode.
		library.RequireNeverWithoutError(t, func() (bool, error) {
			return hasImpersonationProxyLoadBalancerService(ctx, env, adminClient)
		}, 10*time.Second, 500*time.Millisecond)

		// Check that we can't use the impersonation proxy to execute kubectl commands yet.
		_, err = impersonationProxyViaSquidKubeClientWithoutCredential().CoreV1().Namespaces().List(ctx, metav1.ListOptions{})
		require.EqualError(t, err, serviceUnavailableViaSquidError)

		// Create configuration to make the impersonation proxy turn on with a hard coded endpoint (without a load balancer).
		configMap := configMapForConfig(t, env, impersonator.Config{
			Mode:     impersonator.ModeEnabled,
			Endpoint: proxyServiceEndpoint,
		})
		t.Logf("creating configmap %s", configMap.Name)
		_, err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Create(ctx, &configMap, metav1.CreateOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)
	}

	// At this point the impersonator should be starting/running. When it is ready, the CredentialIssuer's
	// strategies array should be updated to include a successful impersonation strategy which can be used
	// to discover the impersonator's URL and CA certificate. Until it has finished starting, it may not be included
	// in the strategies array or it may be included in an error state. It can be in an error state for
	// awhile when it is waiting for the load balancer to be assigned an ip/hostname.
	impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM := performImpersonatorDiscovery(ctx, t, env, adminConciergeClient)
	if !env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
		// In this case, we specified the endpoint in the configmap, so check that it was reported correctly in the CredentialIssuer.
		require.Equal(t, "https://"+proxyServiceEndpoint, impersonationProxyURL)
	}

	// Because our credentials expire so quickly, we'll always use a new client, to give us a chance to refresh our
	// credentials before they expire. Create a closure to capture the arguments to newImpersonationProxyClient
	// so we don't have to keep repeating them.
	// This client performs TLS checks, so it also provides test coverage that the impersonation proxy server is generating TLS certs correctly.
	impersonationProxyKubeClient := func() kubernetes.Interface {
		return newImpersonationProxyClient(impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "").Kubernetes
	}

	// Test that the user can perform basic actions through the client with their username and group membership
	// influencing RBAC checks correctly.
	t.Run(
		"access as user",
		library.AccessAsUserTest(ctx, env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername, impersonationProxyKubeClient()),
	)
	for _, group := range env.TestUser.ExpectedGroups {
		group := group
		t.Run(
			"access as group "+group,
			library.AccessAsGroupTest(ctx, group, impersonationProxyKubeClient()),
		)
	}

	t.Run("using and watching all the basic verbs", func(t *testing.T) {
		// Create a namespace, because it will be easier to exercise "deletecollection" if we have a namespace.
		namespaceName := createTestNamespace(t, adminClient)

		// Create an RBAC rule to allow this user to read/write everything.
		library.CreateTestClusterRoleBinding(t,
			rbacv1.Subject{Kind: rbacv1.UserKind, APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername},
			rbacv1.RoleRef{Kind: "ClusterRole", APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: "cluster-admin"},
		)
		// Wait for the above RBAC rule to take effect.
		library.WaitForUserToHaveAccess(t, env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername, []string{}, &v1.ResourceAttributes{
			Namespace: namespaceName, Verb: "create", Group: "", Version: "v1", Resource: "configmaps",
		})

		// Create and start informer to exercise the "watch" verb for us.
		informerFactory := k8sinformers.NewSharedInformerFactoryWithOptions(
			impersonationProxyKubeClient(),
			0,
			k8sinformers.WithNamespace(namespaceName))
		informer := informerFactory.Core().V1().ConfigMaps()
		informer.Informer() // makes sure that the informer will cache
		stopChannel := make(chan struct{})
		informerFactory.Start(stopChannel)
		t.Cleanup(func() {
			// Shut down the informer.
			close(stopChannel)
		})
		informerFactory.WaitForCacheSync(ctx.Done())

		// Use labels on our created ConfigMaps to avoid accidentally listing other ConfigMaps that might
		// exist in the namespace. In Kube 1.20+ there is a default ConfigMap in every namespace.
		configMapLabels := labels.Set{
			"pinniped.dev/testConfigMap": library.RandHex(t, 8),
		}

		// Test "create" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		_, err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Create(ctx,
			&corev1.ConfigMap{ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "configmap-1", Labels: configMapLabels}},
			metav1.CreateOptions{},
		)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		_, err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Create(ctx,
			&corev1.ConfigMap{ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "configmap-2", Labels: configMapLabels}},
			metav1.CreateOptions{},
		)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		_, err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Create(ctx,
			&corev1.ConfigMap{ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "configmap-3", Labels: configMapLabels}},
			metav1.CreateOptions{},
		)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Make sure that all of the created ConfigMaps show up in the informer's cache to
		// demonstrate that the informer's "watch" verb is working through the impersonation proxy.
		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			_, err1 := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get("configmap-1")
			_, err2 := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get("configmap-2")
			_, err3 := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get("configmap-3")
			return err1 == nil && err2 == nil && err3 == nil
		}, 10*time.Second, 50*time.Millisecond)

		// Test "get" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		configMap3, err := impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get(ctx, "configmap-3", metav1.GetOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Test "list" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		listResult, err := impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).List(ctx, metav1.ListOptions{
			LabelSelector: configMapLabels.String(),
		})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Len(t, listResult.Items, 3)

		// Test "update" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		configMap3.Data = map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
		updateResult, err := impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Update(ctx, configMap3, metav1.UpdateOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t, "bar", updateResult.Data["foo"])

		// Make sure that the updated ConfigMap shows up in the informer's cache.
		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			configMap, err := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get("configmap-3")
			return err == nil && configMap.Data["foo"] == "bar"
		}, 10*time.Second, 50*time.Millisecond)

		// Test "patch" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		patchResult, err := impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Patch(ctx,
			"configmap-3",
			types.MergePatchType,
			[]byte(`{"data":{"baz":"42"}}`),
			metav1.PatchOptions{},
		)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t, "bar", patchResult.Data["foo"])
		require.Equal(t, "42", patchResult.Data["baz"])

		// Make sure that the patched ConfigMap shows up in the informer's cache.
		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			configMap, err := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get("configmap-3")
			return err == nil && configMap.Data["foo"] == "bar" && configMap.Data["baz"] == "42"
		}, 10*time.Second, 50*time.Millisecond)

		// Test "delete" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Delete(ctx, "configmap-3", metav1.DeleteOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Make sure that the deleted ConfigMap shows up in the informer's cache.
		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			_, getErr := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Get("configmap-3")
			list, listErr := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).List(configMapLabels.AsSelector())
			return k8serrors.IsNotFound(getErr) && listErr == nil && len(list) == 2
		}, 10*time.Second, 50*time.Millisecond)

		// Test "deletecollection" verb through the impersonation proxy.
		err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).DeleteCollection(ctx, metav1.DeleteOptions{}, metav1.ListOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Make sure that the deleted ConfigMaps shows up in the informer's cache.
		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			list, listErr := informer.Lister().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).List(configMapLabels.AsSelector())
			return listErr == nil && len(list) == 0
		}, 10*time.Second, 50*time.Millisecond)

		// There should be no ConfigMaps left.
		listResult, err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).List(ctx, metav1.ListOptions{
			LabelSelector: configMapLabels.String(),
		})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Len(t, listResult.Items, 0)
	})

	t.Run("double impersonation as a regular user is blocked", func(t *testing.T) {
		// Create an RBAC rule to allow this user to read/write everything.
		library.CreateTestClusterRoleBinding(t,
			rbacv1.Subject{Kind: rbacv1.UserKind, APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername},
			rbacv1.RoleRef{Kind: "ClusterRole", APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: "edit"},
		)
		// Wait for the above RBAC rule to take effect.
		library.WaitForUserToHaveAccess(t, env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername, []string{}, &v1.ResourceAttributes{
			Namespace: env.ConciergeNamespace, Verb: "get", Group: "", Version: "v1", Resource: "secrets",
		})

		// Make a client which will send requests through the impersonation proxy and will also add
		// impersonate headers to the request.
		doubleImpersonationKubeClient := newImpersonationProxyClient(impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "other-user-to-impersonate").Kubernetes

		// Check that we can get some resource through the impersonation proxy without any impersonation headers on the request.
		// We could use any resource for this, but we happen to know that this one should exist.
		_, err = impersonationProxyKubeClient().CoreV1().Secrets(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyTLSSecretName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Now we'll see what happens when we add an impersonation header to the request. This should generate a
		// request similar to the one above, except that it will also have an impersonation header.
		_, err = doubleImpersonationKubeClient.CoreV1().Secrets(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyTLSSecretName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
		// Double impersonation is not supported yet, so we should get an error.
		require.EqualError(t, err, fmt.Sprintf(
			`users "other-user-to-impersonate" is forbidden: `+
				`User "%s" cannot impersonate resource "users" in API group "" at the cluster scope: `+
				`impersonation is not allowed or invalid verb`,
			env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername))
	})

	// This is a separate test from the above double impersonation test because the cluster admin user gets special
	// authorization treatment from the Kube API server code that we are using, and we want to ensure that we are blocking
	// double impersonation even for the cluster admin.
	t.Run("double impersonation as a cluster admin user is blocked", func(t *testing.T) {
		// Copy the admin credentials from the admin kubeconfig.
		adminClientRestConfig := library.NewClientConfig(t)

		if adminClientRestConfig.BearerToken == "" && adminClientRestConfig.CertData == nil && adminClientRestConfig.KeyData == nil {
			t.Skip("The admin kubeconfig does not include credentials, so skipping this test.")
		}

		clusterAdminCredentials := &loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential{
			Token:                 adminClientRestConfig.BearerToken,
			ClientCertificateData: string(adminClientRestConfig.CertData),
			ClientKeyData:         string(adminClientRestConfig.KeyData),
		}

		// Make a client using the admin credentials which will send requests through the impersonation proxy
		// and will also add impersonate headers to the request.
		doubleImpersonationKubeClient := newImpersonationProxyClientWithCredentials(
			clusterAdminCredentials, impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "other-user-to-impersonate",
		).Kubernetes

		_, err = doubleImpersonationKubeClient.CoreV1().Secrets(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyTLSSecretName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
		// Double impersonation is not supported yet, so we should get an error.
		require.Error(t, err)
		require.Regexp(t,
			`users "other-user-to-impersonate" is forbidden: `+
				`User ".*" cannot impersonate resource "users" in API group "" at the cluster scope: `+
				`impersonation is not allowed or invalid verb`,
			err.Error(),
		)
	})

	t.Run("WhoAmIRequests and different kinds of authentication through the impersonation proxy", func(t *testing.T) {
		// Test using the TokenCredentialRequest for authentication.
		impersonationProxyPinnipedConciergeClient := newImpersonationProxyClient(
			impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "",
		).PinnipedConcierge
		whoAmI, err := impersonationProxyPinnipedConciergeClient.IdentityV1alpha1().WhoAmIRequests().
			Create(ctx, &identityv1alpha1.WhoAmIRequest{}, metav1.CreateOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t,
			expectedWhoAmIRequestResponse(
				env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername,
				append(env.TestUser.ExpectedGroups, "system:authenticated"),
			),
			whoAmI,
		)

		// Test an unauthenticated request which does not include any credentials.
		impersonationProxyAnonymousPinnipedConciergeClient := newAnonymousImpersonationProxyClient(
			impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "",
		).PinnipedConcierge
		whoAmI, err = impersonationProxyAnonymousPinnipedConciergeClient.IdentityV1alpha1().WhoAmIRequests().
			Create(ctx, &identityv1alpha1.WhoAmIRequest{}, metav1.CreateOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t,
			expectedWhoAmIRequestResponse(
				"system:anonymous",
				[]string{"system:unauthenticated"},
			),
			whoAmI,
		)

		// Test using a service account token. Authenticating as Service Accounts through the impersonation
		// proxy is not supported, so it should fail.
		namespaceName := createTestNamespace(t, adminClient)
		impersonationProxyServiceAccountPinnipedConciergeClient := newImpersonationProxyClientWithCredentials(
			&loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential{Token: createServiceAccountToken(ctx, t, adminClient, namespaceName)},
			impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "").PinnipedConcierge
		_, err = impersonationProxyServiceAccountPinnipedConciergeClient.IdentityV1alpha1().WhoAmIRequests().
			Create(ctx, &identityv1alpha1.WhoAmIRequest{}, metav1.CreateOptions{})
		require.EqualError(t, err, "Internal error occurred: unimplemented functionality - unable to act as current user")
		require.True(t, k8serrors.IsInternalError(err), err)
		require.Equal(t, &k8serrors.StatusError{
			ErrStatus: metav1.Status{
				Status: metav1.StatusFailure,
				Code:   http.StatusInternalServerError,
				Reason: metav1.StatusReasonInternalError,
				Details: &metav1.StatusDetails{
					Causes: []metav1.StatusCause{
						{
							Message: "unimplemented functionality - unable to act as current user",
						},
					},
				},
				Message: "Internal error occurred: unimplemented functionality - unable to act as current user",
			},
		}, err)
	})

	t.Run("kubectl as a client", func(t *testing.T) {
		// Create an RBAC rule to allow this user to read/write everything.
		library.CreateTestClusterRoleBinding(t,
			rbacv1.Subject{Kind: rbacv1.UserKind, APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername},
			rbacv1.RoleRef{Kind: "ClusterRole", APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: "edit"},
		)
		// Wait for the above RBAC rule to take effect.
		library.WaitForUserToHaveAccess(t, env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername, []string{}, &v1.ResourceAttributes{
			Verb: "get", Group: "", Version: "v1", Resource: "namespaces",
		})

		pinnipedExe := library.PinnipedCLIPath(t)
		tempDir := testutil.TempDir(t)

		var envVarsWithProxy []string
		if !env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
			// Only if you don't have a load balancer, use the squid proxy when it's available.
			envVarsWithProxy = append(os.Environ(), env.ProxyEnv()...)
		}

		// Get the kubeconfig.
		getKubeConfigCmd := []string{"get", "kubeconfig",
			"--concierge-api-group-suffix", env.APIGroupSuffix,
			"--oidc-skip-browser",
			"--static-token", env.TestUser.Token,
			// Force the use of impersonation proxy strategy, but let it auto-discover the endpoint and CA.
			"--concierge-mode", "ImpersonationProxy"}
		t.Log("Running:", pinnipedExe, getKubeConfigCmd)
		kubeconfigYAML, getKubeConfigStderr := runPinnipedCLI(t, envVarsWithProxy, pinnipedExe, getKubeConfigCmd...)
		// "pinniped get kubectl" prints some status messages to stderr
		t.Log(getKubeConfigStderr)
		// Make sure that the "pinniped get kubeconfig" auto-discovered the impersonation proxy and we're going to
		// make our kubectl requests through the impersonation proxy. Avoid using require.Contains because the error
		// message would contain credentials.
		require.True(t,
			strings.Contains(kubeconfigYAML, "server: "+impersonationProxyURL+"\n"),
			"the generated kubeconfig did not include the expected impersonation server address: %s",
			impersonationProxyURL,
		)
		require.True(t,
			strings.Contains(kubeconfigYAML, "- --concierge-ca-bundle-data="+base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(impersonationProxyCACertPEM)+"\n"),
			"the generated kubeconfig did not include the base64 encoded version of this expected impersonation CA cert: %s",
			impersonationProxyCACertPEM,
		)

		// Write the kubeconfig to a temp file.
		kubeconfigPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "kubeconfig.yaml")
		require.NoError(t, ioutil.WriteFile(kubeconfigPath, []byte(kubeconfigYAML), 0600))

		// func to create kubectl commands with a kubeconfig
		kubectlCommand := func(timeout context.Context, args ...string) (*exec.Cmd, *syncBuffer, *syncBuffer) {
			allArgs := append([]string{"--kubeconfig", kubeconfigPath}, args...)
			//nolint:gosec // we are not performing malicious argument injection against ourselves
			kubectlCmd := exec.CommandContext(timeout, "kubectl", allArgs...)
			var stdout, stderr syncBuffer
			kubectlCmd.Stdout = &stdout
			kubectlCmd.Stderr = &stderr
			kubectlCmd.Env = envVarsWithProxy

			t.Log("starting kubectl subprocess: kubectl", strings.Join(allArgs, " "))
			return kubectlCmd, &stdout, &stderr
		}
		// Func to run kubeconfig commands.
		runKubectl := func(args ...string) (string, string, error) {
			timeout, cancelFunc := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Minute)
			defer cancelFunc()

			kubectlCmd, stdout, stderr := kubectlCommand(timeout, args...)

			err := kubectlCmd.Run()
			t.Logf("kubectl stdout output: %s", stdout.String())
			t.Logf("kubectl stderr output: %s", stderr.String())
			return stdout.String(), stderr.String(), err
		}

		// Get pods in concierge namespace and pick one.
		// We want to make sure it's a concierge pod (not cert agent), because we need to be able to "exec echo" and port-forward a running port.
		pods, err := adminClient.CoreV1().Pods(env.ConciergeNamespace).List(ctx, metav1.ListOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Greater(t, len(pods.Items), 0)
		var conciergePod *corev1.Pod
		for _, pod := range pods.Items {
			pod := pod
			if !strings.Contains(pod.Name, "kube-cert-agent") {
				conciergePod = &pod
			}
		}
		require.NotNil(t, conciergePod, "could not find a concierge pod")

		// Try "kubectl exec" through the impersonation proxy.
		echoString := "hello world"
		remoteEchoFile := fmt.Sprintf("/tmp/test-impersonation-proxy-echo-file-%d.txt", time.Now().Unix())
		stdout, _, err := runKubectl("exec", "--namespace", env.ConciergeNamespace, conciergePod.Name, "--", "bash", "-c", fmt.Sprintf(`echo "%s" | tee %s`, echoString, remoteEchoFile))
		require.NoError(t, err, `"kubectl exec" failed`)
		require.Equal(t, echoString+"\n", stdout)

		// run the kubectl cp command
		localEchoFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, filepath.Base(remoteEchoFile))
		_, _, err = runKubectl("cp", fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s:%s", env.ConciergeNamespace, conciergePod.Name, remoteEchoFile), localEchoFile)
		require.NoError(t, err, `"kubectl cp" failed`)
		localEchoFileData, err := ioutil.ReadFile(localEchoFile)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t, echoString+"\n", string(localEchoFileData))
		defer func() {
			_, _, _ = runKubectl("exec", "--namespace", env.ConciergeNamespace, conciergePod.Name, "--", "rm", remoteEchoFile) // cleanup remote echo file
		}()

		// run the kubectl logs command
		logLinesCount := 10
		stdout, _, err = runKubectl("logs", "--namespace", env.ConciergeNamespace, conciergePod.Name, fmt.Sprintf("--tail=%d", logLinesCount))
		require.NoError(t, err, `"kubectl logs" failed`)
		require.Equalf(t, logLinesCount, strings.Count(stdout, "\n"), "wanted %d newlines in kubectl logs output:\n%s", logLinesCount, stdout)

		// run the kubectl port-forward command
		timeout, cancelFunc := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Minute)
		defer cancelFunc()
		portForwardCmd, _, portForwardStderr := kubectlCommand(timeout, "port-forward", "--namespace", env.ConciergeNamespace, conciergePod.Name, "8443:8443")
		portForwardCmd.Env = envVarsWithProxy

		// start, but don't wait for the command to finish
		err = portForwardCmd.Start()
		require.NoError(t, err, `"kubectl port-forward" failed`)
		go func() {
			assert.EqualErrorf(t, portForwardCmd.Wait(), "signal: killed", `wanted "kubectl port-forward" to get signaled because context was cancelled (stderr: %q)`, portForwardStderr.String())
		}()

		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			// then run curl something against it
			timeout, cancelFunc = context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Minute)
			defer cancelFunc()
			curlCmd := exec.CommandContext(timeout, "curl", "-k", "https://127.0.0.1:8443")
			var curlStdOut, curlStdErr bytes.Buffer
			curlCmd.Stdout = &curlStdOut
			curlCmd.Stderr = &curlStdErr
			err = curlCmd.Run()
			if err != nil {
				t.Log("curl error: " + err.Error())
				t.Log("curlStdErr: " + curlStdErr.String())
				t.Log("stdout: " + curlStdOut.String())
			}
			// we expect this to 403, but all we care is that it gets through
			return err == nil && strings.Contains(curlStdOut.String(), "\"forbidden: User \\\"system:anonymous\\\" cannot get path \\\"/\\\"\"")
		}, 5*time.Minute, 500*time.Millisecond)

		// run the kubectl attach command
		namespaceName := createTestNamespace(t, adminClient)
		attachPod := library.CreatePod(ctx, t, "impersonation-proxy-attach", namespaceName, corev1.PodSpec{
			Containers: []corev1.Container{
				{
					Name:    "impersonation-proxy-attach",
					Image:   conciergePod.Spec.Containers[0].Image,
					Command: []string{"bash"},
					Args:    []string{"-c", `while true; do read VAR; echo "VAR: $VAR"; done`},
					Stdin:   true,
				},
			},
		})
		timeout, cancelFunc = context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Minute)
		defer cancelFunc()
		attachCmd, attachStdout, attachStderr := kubectlCommand(timeout, "attach", "--stdin=true", "--namespace", namespaceName, attachPod.Name)
		attachCmd.Env = envVarsWithProxy
		attachStdin, err := attachCmd.StdinPipe()
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// start but don't wait for the attach command
		err = attachCmd.Start()
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// write to stdin on the attach process
		_, err = attachStdin.Write([]byte(echoString + "\n"))
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// see that we can read stdout and it spits out stdin output back to us
		wantAttachStdout := fmt.Sprintf("VAR: %s\n", echoString)
		require.Eventuallyf(t, func() bool { return attachStdout.String() == wantAttachStdout }, time.Second*30, time.Second, `got "kubectl attach" stdout: %q, wanted: %q (stderr: %q)`, attachStdout.String(), wantAttachStdout, attachStderr.String())

		// close stdin and attach process should exit
		err = attachStdin.Close()
		require.NoError(t, err)
		err = attachCmd.Wait()
		require.NoError(t, err)
	})

	t.Run("websocket client", func(t *testing.T) {
		namespaceName := createTestNamespace(t, adminClient)
		library.CreateTestClusterRoleBinding(t,
			rbacv1.Subject{Kind: rbacv1.UserKind, APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername},
			rbacv1.RoleRef{Kind: "ClusterRole", APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: "cluster-admin"},
		)
		// Wait for the above RBAC rule to take effect.
		library.WaitForUserToHaveAccess(t, env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername, []string{}, &v1.ResourceAttributes{
			Namespace: namespaceName, Verb: "create", Group: "", Version: "v1", Resource: "configmaps",
		})

		impersonationRestConfig := impersonationProxyRestConfig(refreshCredential(), impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "")
		tlsConfig, err := rest.TLSConfigFor(impersonationRestConfig)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		wantConfigMapLabelKey, wantConfigMapLabelValue := "some-label-key", "some-label-value"
		dest, _ := url.Parse(impersonationProxyURL)
		dest.Scheme = "wss"
		dest.Path = "/api/v1/namespaces/" + namespaceName + "/configmaps"
		dest.RawQuery = url.Values{
			"watch":           {"1"},
			"labelSelector":   {fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", wantConfigMapLabelKey, wantConfigMapLabelValue)},
			"resourceVersion": {"0"},
		}.Encode()
		dialer := websocket.Dialer{
			TLSClientConfig: tlsConfig,
		}
		if !env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
			dialer.Proxy = func(req *http.Request) (*url.URL, error) {
				proxyURL, err := url.Parse(env.Proxy)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				t.Logf("passing request for %s through proxy %s", req.URL, proxyURL.String())
				return proxyURL, nil
			}
		}
		c, r, err := dialer.Dial(dest.String(), http.Header{"Origin": {dest.String()}})
		if r != nil {
			defer func() {
				require.NoError(t, r.Body.Close())
			}()
		}
		if err != nil && r != nil {
			body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body)
			t.Logf("websocket dial failed: %d:%s", r.StatusCode, body)
		}
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// perform a create through the admin client
		wantConfigMap := &corev1.ConfigMap{
			ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "configmap-1", Labels: map[string]string{wantConfigMapLabelKey: wantConfigMapLabelValue}},
		}
		wantConfigMap, err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Create(ctx,
			wantConfigMap,
			metav1.CreateOptions{},
		)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		t.Cleanup(func() {
			require.NoError(t, adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).
				DeleteCollection(context.Background(), metav1.DeleteOptions{}, metav1.ListOptions{}))
		})

		// see if the websocket client received an event for the create
		_, message, err := c.ReadMessage()
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
		}
		var got watchJSON
		err = json.Unmarshal(message, &got)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		if got.Type != watch.Added {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected type: %v", got.Type)
		}
		var actualConfigMap corev1.ConfigMap
		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(got.Object, &actualConfigMap))
		actualConfigMap.TypeMeta = metav1.TypeMeta{} // This isn't filled out in the wantConfigMap we got back from create.
		require.Equal(t, *wantConfigMap, actualConfigMap)
	})

	t.Run("http2 client", func(t *testing.T) {
		namespaceName := createTestNamespace(t, adminClient)
		library.CreateTestClusterRoleBinding(t,
			rbacv1.Subject{Kind: rbacv1.UserKind, APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername},
			rbacv1.RoleRef{Kind: "ClusterRole", APIGroup: rbacv1.GroupName, Name: "cluster-admin"},
		)
		// Wait for the above RBAC rule to take effect.
		library.WaitForUserToHaveAccess(t, env.TestUser.ExpectedUsername, []string{}, &v1.ResourceAttributes{
			Namespace: namespaceName, Verb: "create", Group: "", Version: "v1", Resource: "configmaps",
		})

		wantConfigMapLabelKey, wantConfigMapLabelValue := "some-label-key", "some-label-value"
		wantConfigMap := &corev1.ConfigMap{
			ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "configmap-1", Labels: map[string]string{wantConfigMapLabelKey: wantConfigMapLabelValue}},
		}
		wantConfigMap, err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).Create(ctx,
			wantConfigMap,
			metav1.CreateOptions{},
		)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		t.Cleanup(func() {
			_ = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(namespaceName).DeleteCollection(ctx, metav1.DeleteOptions{}, metav1.ListOptions{})
		})

		// create rest client
		restConfig := impersonationProxyRestConfig(refreshCredential(), impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM, "")

		tlsConfig, err := rest.TLSConfigFor(restConfig)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		httpTransport := http.Transport{
			TLSClientConfig: tlsConfig,
		}
		if !env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
			httpTransport.Proxy = func(req *http.Request) (*url.URL, error) {
				proxyURL, err := url.Parse(env.Proxy)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				t.Logf("passing request for %s through proxy %s", req.URL, proxyURL.String())
				return proxyURL, nil
			}
		}
		err = http2.ConfigureTransport(&httpTransport)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		httpClient := http.Client{
			Transport: &httpTransport,
		}

		dest, _ := url.Parse(impersonationProxyURL)
		dest.Path = "/api/v1/namespaces/" + namespaceName + "/configmaps/configmap-1"
		getConfigmapRequest, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, dest.String(), nil)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		response, err := httpClient.Do(getConfigmapRequest)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(response.Body)
		t.Logf("http2 status code: %d, proto: %s, message: %s", response.StatusCode, response.Proto, body)
		require.Equal(t, "HTTP/2.0", response.Proto)
		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, response.StatusCode)
		defer func() {
			require.NoError(t, response.Body.Close())
		}()
		var actualConfigMap corev1.ConfigMap
		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(body, &actualConfigMap))
		actualConfigMap.TypeMeta = metav1.TypeMeta{} // This isn't filled out in the wantConfigMap we got back from create.
		require.Equal(t, *wantConfigMap, actualConfigMap)

		// watch configmaps
		dest.Path = "/api/v1/namespaces/" + namespaceName + "/configmaps"
		dest.RawQuery = url.Values{
			"watch":           {"1"},
			"labelSelector":   {fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", wantConfigMapLabelKey, wantConfigMapLabelValue)},
			"resourceVersion": {"0"},
		}.Encode()
		watchConfigmapsRequest, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, dest.String(), nil)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		response, err = httpClient.Do(watchConfigmapsRequest)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t, "HTTP/2.0", response.Proto)
		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, response.StatusCode)
		defer func() {
			require.NoError(t, response.Body.Close())
		}()

		// decode
		decoder := json.NewDecoder(response.Body)
		var got watchJSON
		err = decoder.Decode(&got)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		if got.Type != watch.Added {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected type: %v", got.Type)
		}
		err = json.Unmarshal(got.Object, &actualConfigMap)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t, "configmap-1", actualConfigMap.Name)
		actualConfigMap.TypeMeta = metav1.TypeMeta{} // This isn't filled out in the wantConfigMap we got back from create.
		require.Equal(t, *wantConfigMap, actualConfigMap)
	})

	t.Run("manually disabling the impersonation proxy feature", func(t *testing.T) {
		// Update configuration to force the proxy to disabled mode
		configMap := configMapForConfig(t, env, impersonator.Config{Mode: impersonator.ModeDisabled})
		if env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
			t.Logf("creating configmap %s", configMap.Name)
			_, err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Create(ctx, &configMap, metav1.CreateOptions{})
			require.NoError(t, err)
		} else {
			t.Logf("updating configmap %s", configMap.Name)
			_, err = adminClient.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(env.ConciergeNamespace).Update(ctx, &configMap, metav1.UpdateOptions{})
			require.NoError(t, err)
		}

		if env.HasCapability(library.HasExternalLoadBalancerProvider) {
			// The load balancer should have been deleted when we disabled the impersonation proxy.
			// Note that this can take kind of a long time on real cloud providers (e.g. ~22 seconds on EKS).
			library.RequireEventuallyWithoutError(t, func() (bool, error) {
				hasService, err := hasImpersonationProxyLoadBalancerService(ctx, env, adminClient)
				return !hasService, err
			}, 2*time.Minute, 500*time.Millisecond)
		}

		// Check that the impersonation proxy port has shut down.
		// Ideally we could always check that the impersonation proxy's port has shut down, but on clusters where we
		// do not run the squid proxy we have no easy way to see beyond the load balancer to see inside the cluster,
		// so we'll skip this check on clusters which have load balancers but don't run the squid proxy.
		// The other cluster types that do run the squid proxy will give us sufficient coverage here.
		if env.Proxy != "" {
			require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
				// It's okay if this returns RBAC errors because this user has no role bindings.
				// What we want to see is that the proxy eventually shuts down entirely.
				_, err = impersonationProxyViaSquidKubeClientWithoutCredential().CoreV1().Namespaces().List(ctx, metav1.ListOptions{})
				return err.Error() == serviceUnavailableViaSquidError
			}, 20*time.Second, 500*time.Millisecond)
		}

		// Check that the generated TLS cert Secret was deleted by the controller because it's supposed to clean this up
		// when we disable the impersonator.
		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
			_, err = adminClient.CoreV1().Secrets(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyTLSSecretName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
			return k8serrors.IsNotFound(err)
		}, 10*time.Second, 250*time.Millisecond)

		// Check that the generated CA cert Secret was not deleted by the controller because it's supposed to keep this
		// around in case we decide to later re-enable the impersonator. We want to avoid generating new CA certs when
		// possible because they make their way into kubeconfigs on client machines.
		_, err = adminClient.CoreV1().Secrets(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyCASecretName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// At this point the impersonator should be stopped. The CredentialIssuer's strategies array should be updated to
		// include an unsuccessful impersonation strategy saying that it was manually configured to be disabled.
		requireDisabledByConfigurationStrategy(ctx, t, env, adminConciergeClient)

		if !env.HasCapability(library.ClusterSigningKeyIsAvailable) {
			// This cluster does not support the cluster signing key strategy, so now that we've manually disabled the
			// impersonation strategy, we should be left with no working strategies.
			// Given that there are no working strategies, a TokenCredentialRequest which would otherwise work should now
			// fail, because there is no point handing out credentials that are not going to work for any strategy.
			tokenCredentialRequestResponse, err := library.CreateTokenCredentialRequest(ctx, t, credentialRequestSpecWithWorkingCredentials)
			require.NoError(t, err)

			require.NotNil(t, tokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Message, "expected an error message but got nil")
			require.Equal(t, "authentication failed", *tokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Message)
			require.Nil(t, tokenCredentialRequestResponse.Status.Credential)
		}
	})
}

func createTestNamespace(t *testing.T, adminClient kubernetes.Interface) string {
	t.Helper()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Minute)
	defer cancel()

	namespace, err := adminClient.CoreV1().Namespaces().Create(ctx, &corev1.Namespace{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{GenerateName: "impersonation-integration-test-"},
	}, metav1.CreateOptions{})
	require.NoError(t, err)

	t.Cleanup(func() {
		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Minute)
		defer cancel()

		t.Logf("cleaning up test namespace %s", namespace.Name)
		require.NoError(t, adminClient.CoreV1().Namespaces().Delete(ctx, namespace.Name, metav1.DeleteOptions{}))
	})
	return namespace.Name
}

func createServiceAccountToken(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, adminClient kubernetes.Interface, namespaceName string) string {
	t.Helper()

	serviceAccount, err := adminClient.CoreV1().ServiceAccounts(namespaceName).Create(ctx,
		&corev1.ServiceAccount{ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{GenerateName: "int-test-service-account-"}}, metav1.CreateOptions{})
	require.NoError(t, err)
	t.Cleanup(func() {
		require.NoError(t, adminClient.CoreV1().ServiceAccounts(namespaceName).
			Delete(context.Background(), serviceAccount.Name, metav1.DeleteOptions{}))
	})

	secret, err := adminClient.CoreV1().Secrets(namespaceName).Create(ctx, &corev1.Secret{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			GenerateName: "int-test-service-account-token-",
			Annotations: map[string]string{
				corev1.ServiceAccountNameKey: serviceAccount.Name,
			},
		},
		Type: corev1.SecretTypeServiceAccountToken,
	}, metav1.CreateOptions{})
	require.NoError(t, err)
	t.Cleanup(func() {
		require.NoError(t, adminClient.CoreV1().Secrets(namespaceName).
			Delete(context.Background(), secret.Name, metav1.DeleteOptions{}))
	})

	library.RequireEventuallyWithoutError(t, func() (bool, error) {
		secret, err = adminClient.CoreV1().Secrets(namespaceName).Get(ctx, secret.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
		if err != nil {
			return false, err
		}
		return len(secret.Data[corev1.ServiceAccountTokenKey]) > 0, nil
	}, time.Minute, time.Second)

	return string(secret.Data[corev1.ServiceAccountTokenKey])
}

func expectedWhoAmIRequestResponse(username string, groups []string) *identityv1alpha1.WhoAmIRequest {
	return &identityv1alpha1.WhoAmIRequest{
		Status: identityv1alpha1.WhoAmIRequestStatus{
			KubernetesUserInfo: identityv1alpha1.KubernetesUserInfo{
				User: identityv1alpha1.UserInfo{
					Username: username,
					UID:      "", // no way to impersonate UID: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/93699
					Groups:   groups,
					Extra:    nil,
				},
			},
		},
	}
}

func performImpersonatorDiscovery(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, env *library.TestEnv, adminConciergeClient versioned.Interface) (string, []byte) {
	t.Helper()
	var impersonationProxyURL string
	var impersonationProxyCACertPEM []byte

	t.Log("Waiting for CredentialIssuer strategy to be successful")

	library.RequireEventuallyWithoutError(t, func() (bool, error) {
		credentialIssuer, err := adminConciergeClient.ConfigV1alpha1().CredentialIssuers().Get(ctx, credentialIssuerName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
		if err != nil || credentialIssuer.Status.Strategies == nil {
			t.Log("Did not find any CredentialIssuer with any strategies")
			return false, nil // didn't find it, but keep trying
		}
		for _, strategy := range credentialIssuer.Status.Strategies {
			// There will be other strategy types in the list, so ignore those.
			if strategy.Type == v1alpha1.ImpersonationProxyStrategyType && strategy.Status == v1alpha1.SuccessStrategyStatus { //nolint:nestif
				if strategy.Frontend == nil {
					return false, fmt.Errorf("did not find a Frontend") // unexpected, fail the test
				}
				if strategy.Frontend.ImpersonationProxyInfo == nil {
					return false, fmt.Errorf("did not find an ImpersonationProxyInfo") // unexpected, fail the test
				}
				impersonationProxyURL = strategy.Frontend.ImpersonationProxyInfo.Endpoint
				impersonationProxyCACertPEM, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(strategy.Frontend.ImpersonationProxyInfo.CertificateAuthorityData)
				if err != nil {
					return false, err // unexpected, fail the test
				}
				return true, nil // found it, continue the test!
			} else if strategy.Type == v1alpha1.ImpersonationProxyStrategyType {
				t.Logf("Waiting for successful impersonation proxy strategy on %s: found status %s with reason %s and message: %s",
					credentialIssuerName(env), strategy.Status, strategy.Reason, strategy.Message)
				if strategy.Reason == v1alpha1.ErrorDuringSetupStrategyReason {
					// The server encountered an unexpected error while starting the impersonator, so fail the test fast.
					return false, fmt.Errorf("found impersonation strategy in %s state with message: %s", strategy.Reason, strategy.Message)
				}
			}
		}
		t.Log("Did not find any impersonation proxy strategy on CredentialIssuer")
		return false, nil // didn't find it, but keep trying
	}, 10*time.Minute, 10*time.Second)

	t.Log("Found successful CredentialIssuer strategy")
	return impersonationProxyURL, impersonationProxyCACertPEM
}

func requireDisabledByConfigurationStrategy(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, env *library.TestEnv, adminConciergeClient versioned.Interface) {
	t.Helper()

	library.RequireEventuallyWithoutError(t, func() (bool, error) {
		credentialIssuer, err := adminConciergeClient.ConfigV1alpha1().CredentialIssuers().Get(ctx, credentialIssuerName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
		if err != nil || credentialIssuer.Status.Strategies == nil {
			t.Log("Did not find any CredentialIssuer with any strategies")
			return false, nil // didn't find it, but keep trying
		}
		for _, strategy := range credentialIssuer.Status.Strategies {
			// There will be other strategy types in the list, so ignore those.
			if strategy.Type == v1alpha1.ImpersonationProxyStrategyType &&
				strategy.Status == v1alpha1.ErrorStrategyStatus &&
				strategy.Reason == v1alpha1.DisabledStrategyReason { //nolint:nestif
				return true, nil // found it, continue the test!
			} else if strategy.Type == v1alpha1.ImpersonationProxyStrategyType {
				t.Logf("Waiting for disabled impersonation proxy strategy on %s: found status %s with reason %s and message: %s",
					credentialIssuerName(env), strategy.Status, strategy.Reason, strategy.Message)
				if strategy.Reason == v1alpha1.ErrorDuringSetupStrategyReason {
					// The server encountered an unexpected error while stopping the impersonator, so fail the test fast.
					return false, fmt.Errorf("found impersonation strategy in %s state with message: %s", strategy.Reason, strategy.Message)
				}
			}
		}
		t.Log("Did not find any impersonation proxy strategy on CredentialIssuer")
		return false, nil // didn't find it, but keep trying
	}, 1*time.Minute, 500*time.Millisecond)
}

func credentialAlmostExpired(t *testing.T, credential *loginv1alpha1.TokenCredentialRequest) bool {
	t.Helper()
	pemBlock, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(credential.Status.Credential.ClientCertificateData))
	parsedCredential, err := x509.ParseCertificate(pemBlock.Bytes)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	timeRemaining := time.Until(parsedCredential.NotAfter)
	if timeRemaining < 2*time.Minute {
		t.Logf("The TokenCredentialRequest cred is almost expired and needs to be refreshed. Expires in %s.", timeRemaining)
		return true
	}
	t.Logf("The TokenCredentialRequest cred is good for some more time (%s) so using it.", timeRemaining)
	return false
}

func impersonationProxyRestConfig(credential *loginv1alpha1.ClusterCredential, host string, caData []byte, doubleImpersonateUser string) *rest.Config {
	config := rest.Config{
		Host: host,
		TLSClientConfig: rest.TLSClientConfig{
			Insecure: caData == nil,
			CAData:   caData,
			CertData: []byte(credential.ClientCertificateData),
			KeyData:  []byte(credential.ClientKeyData),
		},
		// kubectl would set both the client cert and the token, so we'll do that too.
		// The Kube API server will ignore the token if the client cert successfully authenticates.
		// Only if the client cert is not present or fails to authenticate will it use the token.
		// Historically, it works that way because some web browsers will always send your
		// corporate-assigned client cert even if it is not valid, and it doesn't want to treat
		// that as a failure if you also sent a perfectly good token.
		// We would like the impersonation proxy to imitate that behavior, so we test it here.
		BearerToken: credential.Token,
	}
	if doubleImpersonateUser != "" {
		config.Impersonate = rest.ImpersonationConfig{UserName: doubleImpersonateUser}
	}
	return &config
}

func kubeconfigProxyFunc(t *testing.T, squidProxyURL string) func(req *http.Request) (*url.URL, error) {
	return func(req *http.Request) (*url.URL, error) {
		t.Helper()
		parsedSquidProxyURL, err := url.Parse(squidProxyURL)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		t.Logf("passing request for %s through proxy %s", req.URL, parsedSquidProxyURL.String())
		return parsedSquidProxyURL, nil
	}
}

func configMapForConfig(t *testing.T, env *library.TestEnv, config impersonator.Config) corev1.ConfigMap {
	t.Helper()
	configString, err := yaml.Marshal(config)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	configMap := corev1.ConfigMap{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name: impersonationProxyConfigMapName(env),
		},
		Data: map[string]string{
			"config.yaml": string(configString),
		}}
	return configMap
}

func hasImpersonationProxyLoadBalancerService(ctx context.Context, env *library.TestEnv, client kubernetes.Interface) (bool, error) {
	service, err := client.CoreV1().Services(env.ConciergeNamespace).Get(ctx, impersonationProxyLoadBalancerName(env), metav1.GetOptions{})
	if k8serrors.IsNotFound(err) {
		return false, nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return service.Spec.Type == corev1.ServiceTypeLoadBalancer, nil
}

func impersonationProxyConfigMapName(env *library.TestEnv) string {
	return env.ConciergeAppName + "-impersonation-proxy-config"
}

func impersonationProxyTLSSecretName(env *library.TestEnv) string {
	return env.ConciergeAppName + "-impersonation-proxy-tls-serving-certificate"
}

func impersonationProxyCASecretName(env *library.TestEnv) string {
	return env.ConciergeAppName + "-impersonation-proxy-ca-certificate"
}

func impersonationProxyLoadBalancerName(env *library.TestEnv) string {
	return env.ConciergeAppName + "-impersonation-proxy-load-balancer"
}

func credentialIssuerName(env *library.TestEnv) string {
	return env.ConciergeAppName + "-config"
}

// watchJSON defines the expected JSON wire equivalent of watch.Event.
type watchJSON struct {
	Type   watch.EventType `json:"type,omitempty"`
	Object json.RawMessage `json:"object,omitempty"`
}